For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. One thing Elizabeth did insist upon was to reinstate herself as head of the Church. Calvinists were divided between conformists and Puritans, who wanted to abolish what they considered papist abuses and replace episcopacy with a presbyterian church government. Choosing to remain Catholic would surrender power to Rome and ally England with other Catholic states, such as France and Spain. Despite these reactions, and considering the changes made and the violence witnessed in some other European countries, England had overcome a difficult and potentially dangerous hurdle, even if there would be more to come in the following decades as religious matters affected foreign policy and vice-versa. Meaning he could finally divorce Catherine! The religious settlement began to be implemented in the summer of 1559. They reduced the number to thirty-nine, leaving out a few that they thought would most offend the Catholics. The Elizabethan . Most of the parish clergy were Catholics. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful. So much flipping back and forth between Protestantism and Catholicism left the country deeply divided. Cartwright, Mark. Likewise, Elizabethan Puritans abandoned the hopeless cause of presbyterianism to focus on less controversial pursuits. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a Reformed theology and liturgy. [76] Initially, recusant priests advised the laity to simply abstain from Protestant communion. This was particularly evident between 1565 and 1567 during the Vestments controversy over the refusal of some clergy to wear the clerical dress required by the Royal Injunctions. P-The Religious settlement was successful because there was much about it that was acceptable to most Catholics. Mary died in November 1558 without a Catholic heir, leaving the throne to the Protestant Elizabeth. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." Elizabeth and her pro-reform ministers had to regroup and plan another strategy. What was the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? Was the Elizabethan settlement successful? The Thirty-nine Articles of 1563 CE (made law in 1571 CE) were the final part of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. It restored the 1552 prayer book with some modifications. [50] A year later, the Queen herself ordered the demolition of all lofts, but the rood beams were to remain on which the royal arms were to be displayed. 1559-60: 400 Catholic clergymen who served under Mary I resign. The "Jacobean consensus" was shattered, and the Church of England began defining itself less broadly. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. The Elizabethan Settlement established a unified Church of England that included Protestant beliefs and the Catholic hierarchical structure. The bishops struggled for decades to impose the prayer book and Injunctions on reluctant parishes. From Hooker, Anglicanism "inherited its belief in the place of reason as an authority for action, its esteem for continuity over the Reformation divide, and a hospitality towards sacramental modes of thought". John Whitgift of Cambridge University, a leading advocate for conformity, published a reply in October 1572, and he and Cartwright subsequently entered into a pamphlet war. His lineage was unstable, and his production of a male heir was necessary. Thomas Sampson, a Marian exile, believed that "All scripture seems to assign the title of head of the Church to Christ alone". [106], The Church of England's dominant theology was still Calvinism, but a group of theologians associated with Bishop Lancelot Andrewes disagreed with many aspects of the Reformed tradition, especially its teaching on predestination. In 1560, Bishop Grindal was allowed to enforce the demolition of rood lofts in London. Recently saved for the nation, the Armada Portrait commemorates the most famous conflict of Elizabeth I's reign the failed invasion of England by the Spanish Armada in summer 1588. No, the feud between these religions would continue until the end of the seventeeth century. Essentially, they covered all the matters not yet set out in previous legislation and aimed to definitively establish what was meant by the English version of Protestantism, otherwise known as Anglicism. When his request was denied, Henry separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church and claimed that he, rather than the pope, was its supreme head on earth. Elizabeth's first Parliament was inaugurated on 25 January 1559. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. In effect, Elizabeth was declaring that she did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. This illustrated guide gives an overview of the context, creation and significance of the Portrait, alongside evaluation of Elizabeths legacy A wondrous decorative ornament inspired by the armillary sphere astronomical instrument. But that does not mean that it was never again contested. The Act of Supremacy 1559 This required all clergymen and government officers to . [81] In 1580, the first Jesuit priests came to England. In 1568 a college was founded at Douai (Spanish Netherlands) which trained priests, whom would . [24], The lay peers joined the bishops in their opposition and succeeded in amending the bill considerably. . [45], According to the injunctions, church images that were superstitiously abused were condemned as idolatry, but the commissioners mandated the destruction of all pictures and images. This debacle occurred at the same time that Puritanism's most powerful defenders at Court were dying off. [107] Due to their belief in free will, this new faction is known as the Arminian party, but their high church orientation was more controversial. The proposed settlement was roundly rejected and adulterated by the House of Lords, with its Catholic majority. [48] These provisions offended many Protestants, and in practice, the Injunctions were often ignored by church leaders. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of . How could she reconcile the nation? She kept her crucifix and candles and dropped her plans to restore roods. Most of the other posts went to Marian exiles such as Edmund Grindal for London, Richard Cox for Ely, John Jewel for Salisbury, William Barlow for Chichester and John Scory for Hereford. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the Royal Injunctions of 1547. This receptionist view had much in common with John Calvin's Eucharistic theology. Article 34, for example, stated the following: It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, or utterly alike; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversities of countries, times and men's manners, so [provided] that nothing be ordained against God's WordEvery particular or national church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish ceremonies or rites of the Church. [66], The settlement of 1559 had given Protestants control of the Church of England, but matters were different at the parish level, where Catholic priests and traditional laity held large majorities. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was contained in two acts - the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. The Book of Common Prayer gave English-speaking people prayers in their language. With bishops, however, only one agreed to take the oath and all the others had to step down. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement is the name given to the religious and political arrangements made for England during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603). They would spend more money on buying Bibles and prayer books and replacing chalices with communion cups (a chalice was designed for the priest alone whereas a communion cup was larger and to be used by the whole congregation). World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Those who refused to attend Church of England services were called recusants. Want to search our collection? Those who refused to conform to the new Church of England were persecuted. Divisions in religion could so easily lead to a damaging civil war. By Elizabeth's death, Roman Catholicism had become "the faith of a small sect", largely confined to gentry households. [1] Under Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward VI, the Church of England became more explicitly Protestant, projecting a "restrained" Calvinism, in the words of historian Christopher Haigh. It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. Puritan clergy in this movement organised local presbyteries or classes, from which the movement took its name. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. This petition for church reform was referred to the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, which agreed to produce a new version of the Book of Common Prayer that incorporated a few changes requested by the Puritans. Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England. From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching". This division began during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. [30] It encountered more opposition in the Lords than the Supremacy Act, passing by only three votes. According to the prayer book, the table should be placed permanently in the chancel oriented east to west. The symbol of Britannia was first used in 1572, and often thereafter, to mark the Elizabethan age as a renaissance that inspired national . The Elizabethan settlement did not settle the religious debates brought by the Reformation but it did provide the structure for the Church of England, much of which is still in use today. Taken together the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, supplemented by Royal Injunctions in July 1559, completed the settlement of religion upon which the Church of England is based. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Bishop Goldwell of St Asaph was never summoned to Parliament, and the elderly Bishop Tunstall of Durham was excused from attending on account of age. Immediately after becoming Queen, she created the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The Religious Settlement was an attempt by Elizabeth I to unite the country after the changes in religion under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. Elizabeth's cautious reforms resulted in 'a Church that was Protestant in doctrine, Catholic in appearance'. Made Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. 30 Apr 2023. As spokesman for the government, Bacon delivered its mission statement, to unite the people of this realm into a uniform order of religion'. Haigh argues that the Act of Uniformity "produced an ambiguous Book of Common Prayer: a liturgical compromise which allowed priests to perform the Church of England communion with Catholic regalia, standing in the Catholic position, and using words capable of Catholic interpretation". Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. The reforms included allowing clerics to marry and denying transubstantiation. [54], Music in the Church of England was limited to biblical texts and music sung during worship in the early church. The eldest Aqa A-Level History: The Tudors: England 1485-1603. They established the practice of faith and religious procedures in England. The bill was hotly debated but eventually passed by three votes. In Mary's reign, these religious policies were reversed, England was re-united with the Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism was suppressed. It was given statutory force by the Subscription Act, which required all new ministers to affirm their agreement with this confessional statement. The Religious Settlement was an effort by Elizabeth I to unite the country. [38], In his "Puritan Choir" thesis, historian J. E. Neale argues that Elizabeth wanted to pursue a conservative policy but was pushed in a radical direction by a Protestant faction in the House of Commons. [8] The veneration of religious images (icons, roods, statues) and relics were suppressed,[9] and iconoclasm was sanctioned by the government. Its 100% free. Regardless of how quickly Elizabethan reform spread throughout England, the legislation of the Elizabethan Settlement did stabilize the face of the Church of England. While some were happy to return to the traditional religion, many were not, and the land was ripped apart by rebellion. The belief that the wafer and wine literally transform into Christ's body and blood during Communion service. Includes paragraphs on the establishment of her religious settlement at the beginning of her reign; the severe opposition (Catholic, Puritan and Presbyterian) faced by her religious settlement throughout her reign which impeded its successful establishment. Create and find flashcards in record time. Discover the art of the Van de Veldes at the Queen's House, See the world's greatest space photography at the National Maritime Museum, Picnics and treats, free workshops and tours, plus a very special World Record attempt! Elizabeth was a Protestant, but not a zealous one as her brother Edward VI had been. Matters were to be debated in a respectful fashion. She disliked married clergy, held Lutheran views on Eucharistic presence, and there is evidence she preferred the more ceremonial 1549 prayer book. They sing the psalms in English, and at certain hours of the day they use organs and music. The reforms may have been mild but they were enough for the Pope to eventually excommunicate the queen for heresy in February 1570 CE. Which of the following was NOT included in the Thirty-Nine Articles? The main features of the settlement include: establishing a Church of England that included Protestant beliefs and the Catholic hierarchical structure and making Queen Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Churchwarden accounts indicate that half of all parishes kept Catholic vestments and Mass equipment for at least a decade. It can be argued the settlement was successful among ordinary people as there were no widespread religious inspired revolts, unlike under HVIII (drawing comparisons across the Tudor period). [94] Rather, the Admonition's authors believed that presbyterianism was the only biblical form of church government, whereas Whitgift argued that no single form of church government was commanded in the Bible. [32] This made it easier for priests to "counterfeit" the Mass without risking arrest. The injunctions ordered the "holy table" to be carried into the chancel during communion services but at all other times to be placed where the altar would have stood. Elizabeth I inherited a kingdom bitterly divided over matters of religion. While many people were either pro-Catholic or pro-Protestant, it is likely that many more were attracted to elements from both sides such as, for example, admiring the beautiful ornamentation of a gold crucifix yet favouring the use of English in services. When were the Thirty-Nine Articles passed? [13][14] At certain times, the Queen made her religious preferences clear, such as on Christmas Day 1558, when before Mass she instructed Bishop Owen Oglethorpe not to elevate the host. By the 1580s, conformist Protestants (termed "parish anglicans" by Christopher Haigh and "Prayer Book protestants" by Judith Maltby) were becoming a majority. [11], Elizabeth's religious views were Protestant, though "peculiarly conservative". With your support millions of people learn about history entirely for free, every month. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. The Directory was not a liturgical book but only a set of directions and outlines for services. Its leaders were arrested and the Classical Movement disintegrated. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. While broad and ambiguous, this provision was meant to reassure Catholics that they would have some protection. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Elizabethan religious settlement: the Timeline of key events. There was a turnover of officials as Elizabeth removed remaining pro-Catholic bishops and, under the 1559 CE Act of Exchange, confiscated their estates (or threatened to if they did not toe the line). Although in practical terms, extremist worshippers were largely permitted to pursue their beliefs without interference, some 400 priests did resign as a consequence of the Settlement. [63], The Elizabethan settlement was further consolidated by the adoption of a moderately Protestant doctrinal statement called the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion. Was there a middle ground between Catholics and Protestants? James was himself a moderate Calvinist, and the Puritans hoped the King would move the English Church in the Scottish direction. There were obstacles, notably the presence of many Catholic bishops who had been appointed by Mary and many catholic-minded nobles in the government. Elizabeth's intention was that the Religious Settlement would prove a compromise acceptable to people of all religious standpoints. "[108] Laudianism, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book Protestants, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to. It was also a concession to the Queen's Protestant supporters who objected to "supreme head" on theological grounds and who had concerns about a female leading the Church. Henry VIII secured his position on the throne through violence in 1485 when he defeated Richard III. The Queen never forgave John Knox for writing The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, which denounced female monarchs, and the Reformation in Geneva was tainted by association. Secondly, attendance of a Catholic mass was forbidden, those found guilty of this offence received a large fine. [29], The bill easily passed the House of Commons. After Henry's first wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to give Henry an heir to his throne, Henry's eyes wandered! Immediately, she established that England was not tied to Rome in any way. Her government's goal was to resurrect the Edwardian reforms, reinstating the Royal Injunctions of 1547, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer, and the Forty-two Articles of Religion of 1553. The priests wear the hood and surplice. She tried to make everyone happy and to at least avoid infuriating any more people. The fine was one shilling, then about one day's labour for a skilled worker, but few were collected in practice. A French ambassador, writing in 1597 CE, confirms this view in his description of a typical English Church service: Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain. Same period: some extreme Protestants were disappointed by the religious settlement because think that the religious changes are not extreme enough. Since the Act of Uniformity 1549 which approved the first prayer book was passed in January, it is likely that the provisions of the 1549 prayer book were intended, even though Edward's second year ended several months before the book was published. The Pope's authority was removed, but rather than granting the Queen the title of Supreme Head, it merely said she could adopt it herself. In addition, the liturgy remained "more elaborate and more reminiscent of older liturgical forms" and "took no account of developments in Protestant thinking after the early 1550s". A revised supremacy bill had passed the House of Commons before the recess but had been . However, those who refused to comply were persecuted. All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. Find out with the European Space Agency's groundbreaking mission, Explore how water and the sea seeps into Shakespeare's works with the National Maritime Museum, Search our online database and exploreour objects, paintings, archives and library collectionsfrom home, Come behind the scenes at our state-of-the-art conservation studio, Visit the world's largest maritime library and archive collection at the National Maritime Museum, The Van de Veldes: Greenwich, Art and the Sea, Astronomy Photographer of the Year exhibition, Coronation celebrations at Royal Museums Greenwich, A Sea of Drawings: the art of the Van de Veldes, The Prince Philip Maritime Collections Centre, Find out how you can use our collections for research, Royal Greenwich: A History in Kings and Queens by Pieter van der Merwe. Bishops Watson of Lincoln and White of Winchester were imprisoned in the Tower. Mary was just as passionate a Catholic as Edward had been Protestant. Around 900 ministers refused to subscribe to the new prayer book and were removed from their positions, an event known as the Great Ejection. What historian argued that the Elizabethan reforms were slow to take hold in some regions of England? The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. To realise this vision it was necessary to reach a new religious settlement that was as inclusive as possible. We want people all over the world to learn about history. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. Both attempts failed, mainly because of the Queen's opposition. Justification by faith alone, meaning that salvation is a gift from God received through faith. Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass. A debate was scheduled during the Easter recess between a team of Catholics and a team of Protestants, with the Privy Council as judge and Bacon as Chairman. Most people in Elizabethan England were Catholic, but the majority of the government was Protestant. Quentin Metsys the Younger (Public Domain). Elizabeth's bishops protested both moves as revivals of idolatry, arguing that all images were forbidden by the Second Commandment. Historians debate how fast and complete the settlement changed religion in England. Two other important features of the Act of Uniformity were, first, church attendance was made compulsory. The Settlement failed to end religious disputes. Sign up to highlight and take notes. and more. Act of Supremacy (1559): This Act established Elizabeth I as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. [82], The Queen's excommunication and the arrival of the seminary priests brought a change in government policy toward recusants. She reversed the religious innovations introduced by her father and brother. Try and produce an argument for your decision by gathering evidence from the article! There are only two sacraments: Baptism and Communion, or the Lord's Supper. [88], The controversy over dress divided the Protestant community, and it was in these years that the term Puritan came into use to describe those who wanted further reformation. [13] At the same time, he calls the idea that the prayer book modifications were concessions to Catholics "absurd", writing that "these little verbal and visual adjustments" would never satisfy Catholic clergy and laity after the loss of "the Latin mass, monasteries, chantries, shrines, gilds and a compulsory celibate priesthood". [30] The revised Book of Common Prayer removed this denunciation of the Pope. [31], The Act of Uniformity required church attendance on Sundays and holy days and imposed fines for each day absent. Bacon outlined the course to reach this goal by explaining that members were not to insult each other with terms like 'heretic', 'schismatic' or 'Papist'. During Henry's reign, the Church of England went semi-Lutheran in 1537, asserting that justification by faith alone was central to doctrine and that the church should eliminate saint worship. [27], Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy. After Queen Mary I died in 1558, Elizabeth I became queen. [117] The preface to the 1662 prayer book defined the Church of England as a via media "between the two extremes of too much stiffness in refusing and of too much easiness in admitting any variation". [119], Supreme Governor of the Church of England, The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I, A View of Popish Abuses yet remaining in the English Church, "Music and Reform in France, England, and Scotland", Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia, Documents Illustrative of English Church History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&oldid=1137970785, This page was last edited on 7 February 2023, at 09:43. The traditionalist argument was very pro-Protestant. What were the main features of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? [116] The clash between Calvinists and Arminians was never resolved, and the "seesaw battle between Catholic and Protestant within a single Anglican ecclesiastical structure has been proceeding ever since". Upload unlimited documents and save them online. In his private chapel, he added ceremonies and formulas not authorised in the prayer book, such as burning incense. [65], With the Queen's approval, Convocation also issued a second Book of Homilies with sermons on 20 topics. When Elizabeth I ascended to the throne, she took up the articles and gave them to a Convocation of religious leaders for revision for the new Church of England. [61] By far the most popular and reprinted metrical Psalter was Thomas Sternhold's Whole book of Psalms. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. The Elizabethan Settlement provided the foundation for the Church of England, much of which is still in place today. These articles served as the foundation for the Church of England's doctrine. The articles are based on the Forty-Two articles written by Thomas Cranmer in 1553 but could not be implemented because of Edward VI's death during the same year. Was the Elizabethan settlement successful? - Elizabeth proclaimed that she did not wish to made windows into men's souls. [107], The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 allowed for the restoration of the Elizabethan Settlement as well. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. The Act of Supremacy became law. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. [95] Under Field's leadership, the Classical Movement was active among Puritans within the Church of England throughout the 1570s and 1580s. Most Catholics, however, were "church papists"Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. Through the 1580s, Puritans were organised enough to conduct what were essentially covert national synods. [68][69][70] Efforts to introduce further religious reforms through Parliament or by means of Convocation were consistently blocked by the Queen. Nevertheless, many of the features of the Settlement such as replacing altars with communion tables, using English in services, and banning traditional mass services, remained in place over the following centuries and their effects can still be seen on today's Anglican Church. Examples of permissible music included metrical psalms and liturgical texts such as the Te Deum. [83], The persecution of 15811592 changed the nature of Roman Catholicism in England. In the aftermath of the conformist assault, the 1590s were relatively free of theological controversy. . [27] Under this bill, the Pope's jurisdiction in England was once again abolished, and Elizabeth was to be Supreme Governor of the Church of England instead of supreme head. All of the leading clergymen were Protestants and former exiles (Robert Horne, Thomas Becon, Thomas Bentham, John Jewel, Edwin Sandys, and Richard Davies), and they interpreted the injunctions in the most Protestant way possible. World History Encyclopedia, 02 Jun 2020. "For a while, it was possible to sustain an attenuated Catholicism within the parish framework, by counterfeiting the mass, teaching the seven sacraments, preserving images of saints, reciting the rosary, observing feasts, fasts, and customs". Unlike in other Protestant states, the old Catholic structure of the Church below the sovereign was maintained with the bishops organised in a hierarchy. Protestantism would also create a fear of persecution among Englands Catholics. Many of these instructions concerned preachers who now had to have a license issued by a bishop and who were obliged to hold at least one service each month or lose that license. [90], In 1572, a bill was introduced in the Queen's 4th Parliament that would allow Protestants, with their bishop's permission, to omit ceremonies from the 1559 prayer book, and bishops would be further empowered to license clergymen to use the French and Dutch stranger church liturgies.

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