Naturally the Assyrians claim the victory, but the Babylonians say that they were defeated. [1] The verse in Genesis reads: "And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar " ( KJV) Historical scholarship proposed candidate locations for the city of "Calneh", but . The derivation of the name is well known, Erech being the Semitic-Babylonian Uruk, from the Sumerian Unug, a word meaning "seat," probably in the sense of "residential city." NET Bible When the people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. To all appearance his intentions to revolt were reported to the Assyrian king, who at once sent an army and plundered the country, and Tammaritu again fell into Assur-bani-apli's hands. [http://biblegateway/wiki/Ziggurat, Ziggurrat ZIGGURRAT]. Nabonassar and his successors seem to have contented themselves with the title "king of Babylon," rule in the city implying also the dominion over the whole country. Comparison with the Semitic Idiom:Halevy's contention, that Sumerian is simply "an allography" for the expression of Sera Babylonian, seems to be untenable, as they differ not only in words, but also in grammar; moreover, Sumerian had a dialect, called by the natives "woman's tongue." includes essays, one, like Job, discussing human suffering. The Primitive Tongue of Shinar6. All these successes in Elam and its dependencies probably made the kingdom of Babylon supreme in the land. Everything points, therefore, to the Sumerians having been in Babylonia before the Semitic inhabitants.9. In all probability, however, the Elamites were as warlike and as intractable as ever. In the triumphal procession at Nineveh which took place on the Assyrian army's return, the head of Te-umman and his son Tamritu figured, the former hanging from the neck of Dunanu, king of Gambulu, and the latter from the neck of Samgunu, Dunanu's brother. Identification2. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. Isaiah 11:11 It will happen in that day that the Lord will set his hand again the second time to recover the remnant that is left of his people from Assyria, from Egypt, from Pathros . This latter was the capital of Cyrus the Great and his immediate predecessors, the tract having been conquered apparently by Sispis (Teispes), his ancestor, at the end of the 6th century B.C. It was a distant and wicked place (Zech 5:11). As Numma or Elam apparently means "height," or the like, these names were probably applied to it on account of its mountainous nature. Ge 10:11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and built Nineveh, and Rehoboth-ir, and Kla, Ge 10:12 and Resen between Nineveh and Kla--the same is the great city. Apirti and the "Bandit Nations" 11. (8) Elam Again Supreme.Later came the military exploits of Sutruk-Nahhunte, who invaded Babylonia, slew the king Zagaga-sum-iddina, and helped by his son Kutir-Nahhunte, destroyed Sippar, and took away the stele of Naram-Sin, the code of Hammurabi, and several other monuments, which were carefully preserved at Susa. Large Map of the Roman Empire in the Early First Century - Click around on the Places. Etymology of the Name:The second of the cities founded by Nimrod, the others being Babel, Accad and Calneh (Genesis 10:10). Sumerian and Other Equivalents4. The winter birds of passage are the pelican, stork, crane, cormorant, sea gull, many species of wild duck, the wild goose, bustard, woodcock, snipe, pigeon, turtledove, and numerous brilliantly colored waders. Here the Chaldeans, with their Elamite allies, were defeated, and the Elamite cities plundered and destroyed. In ancient times emptying itself into the Persian Gulf, which in past centuries extended much farther inland than now, it at present joins the Shattel-Arab at Mohammerah.5. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from Bible Gateway, a division of The Zondervan Corporation, 3900 Sparks Drive SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA, including commercial communications and messages from partners of Bible Gateway. Large Map of Israel in the First Century - Click around on the Cities. It was to all appearance during the 2nd millennium B.C. English Versions of the Bible reads: "Out of that land he (i.e. Hebrew inar is equivalent to the Egyptian Sngr and Hittite anar(a), all referring to southern Mesopotamia. the writing was pictographic, the earliest examples being found at Warka (Uruk IV) and neighboring sites, but this soon gave way to a well-developed polysyllabic writing employing more than four hundred different signs. Genesis 14:10 Now the valley of Siddim was full of tar pits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell there, and those who remained fled to the hills. Since they employ the same ideogram for mountain and land, their homeland is thought to have been in the NE (Caucasus) and that they were the originators of the artificial mountain-like temple-towers (see [http://biblegateway/wiki/Ziggurat, Ziggurrat ZIGGURRAT]). (15) Elam's Further Changes of Rulers.Indabigas, the new Elamite king, now sent an embassy to make peace with Assur-bani-apli, who at once demanded the surrender of Nabu-bel-sumati, son of Merodach-baladan, and the Assyrians whom he had enticed and taken with him. (6) Surippak:South and a little West of Adab was Surippak, now Fara. The mountain ranges of Luristan increase in height as one approaches the Persian plain, the loftiest summits of the principal range attaining a height of 5,000 meters (= 16,400 ft.).4. Between November 1 and 15 the rains begin, with Southeast and South winds, and the mountains are covered with snow. was influential since the same script was taken over for use in the Sem. These are mostly of the Parthian period, but they imply that the place was regarded as a necropolis, possibly owing to the sanctity attached to the site.LITERATURE.Schrader, KAT; Loftus, Chaldoea and Susiana, 162; Fried. Later on came Evedoreschus, the native Enwe-duran-ki, renowned as a priest favored by the gods. There is a remarkable contrast between the depths of the north end of the Dead Sea and of the south end. Also, during a famine in Elam, certain Elamite tribes migrated into Assyria to escape the scarcity, and were kindly treated by Assur-bani-apli, who had succeeded his father on the Assyrian throne. B. Isaiah 22:6 Elam carried his quiver, with chariots of men and horsemen; and Kir uncovered the shield. The Greek form Sen(n)aar shows that, at the time the Septuagint translation was made, there was no tradition that the `ayin was guttural, as the supposed Babylonian forms would lead us to expect. As one of its early kings, Berosus mentions Alorus, "the shepherd of the people," as having reigned for 10 sari, or 36,000 years. Its Patron-Deities and Their Temples:Two great deities, Ishtar and Nanaa, were worshipped in this city, the temple of the former being E-anna, "the house of heaven" (or "of Anu," in which case it is probable that the god of the heavens, Anu, was also one of the patrons of the city). Goiim is the name of the territory ruled by Tidal ( Gen 14:1) and by an unnamed king in the Galilee region (so LXX) defeated by Joshua ( Josh 12:23 ). This is the great temple-tower (ziq-qurat) of the place, called E-gipar-imina, "the house of 7 enclosures." (14) Nisin, Isin, or Karrak:Nisin, Isin, or Karrak, seat of the worship of Nin-Karraga, was also an important state governed by its own kings. They found a plain in the land of Shinar. The water-courses are full of fish, among them being the barbel, silurus, carp (sometimes of great size), and gurnards similar to those of the Nile. I have stopped all of Media's sighing. Shinar was used early to describe the land which included the cities of Babel (Babylon), Erech (Warka) and Accad (Agade) within the kingdom of Nimrod (Gen 10:10). The Elamite line in Larsa was continued after the death of Eri-Aku by Rim-Sin, his brother, who succeeded him. Because many ancient regions aren't precisely defined, I consulted atlases to determine where the biblical region is located and used that data to build the isobands. David Rohl theorized that the Tower was actually located in Eridu, which was once located on the coast of the Persian Gulf, where there are ruins of a massive, ancient ziggurat worked from bitumen.[6]. Shinar is the Hebrew name for Babylonia. Apparently the Elamites now turned their attention to regaining their military prestige, the result being that an Elamite king occupied the Babylonian throne from 939 to 934 B.C. civilization developed from the need to organize local labor to control the resources of nature and their environment. The Elamite king took refuge in the mountains, and Merodach-baladan had to resist the Assyrians unaided. Eventually, some of them disobeyed God and decided to stay in one place and build a tall tower to try and reach the skies. Umman-aldas now returned and resumed the government. This map shows the locations of Mount Ararat and Babylon in ancient Mesopotamia. Access 50+ premium resources. Among the temples which he built was one dedicated to the goddess Narute, and he erected a bridge near his residence. This was the place where migrants from the E settled and built the city and tower of Babel ( 11:2 ). (12) Eridu:South of the Ur lay Eridu, or, in full, Guruduga, "the good city," wherein, apparently, lay the earthly Paradise. Abraham attacks raiders who captured his nephew Lot: Hittites, Hurrian, Elam, Shinarall from what is now Turkey, Iran, Iraq. Growing up to help me remember it was "never eat shredded wheat," for you it may have been, "never eat soggy waffles.". It is a non-Sem., agglutinative, inflected and part tonal speech written in the cuneiform script which would seem to have been their invention. du'-ra (dura'): The name of the plain on which Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, set up the great golden image which all his subjects were ordered to worship ( Daniel 3:1 ). Ezra 4:9 then wrote Rehum the chancellor, and Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their companions, the Dinaites, and the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Shushanchites, the Dehaites, the Elamites, e'-rek, er'-ek ('erekh; Orech):1. Its earliest known ruler of historical times was Ensag-kus-anna, about 4,000 B.C.4. Oppert places the plain (or, as he calls it, the "valley") of Dura to the southeast of Babylon, in the vicinity of the mound of Dowair or Duair , where was found the pedestal of a huge statue. In 1819 an area of 2,000 square miles about the delta of the Indus sank beneath the level of the sea, so that the tops of the houses were barely seen above the water. Susa, an important commercial center in the 3rd millennium B.C., became again one of the three capitals of the Pets empire during the rule of the Achemenians.10. In the battle which ensued between the two pretenders, Tammaritu was defeated, and fled to the seacoast with a part of the Elamite royal family. Apparently the Elamites had expected their new ruler, Kudurru (Kudur-Nahhunte), to save them from the reprisals of the Assyrians, but as he had failed to do this, he, in his turn, was deposed and killed after a reign of 10 months. lit. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. V "|"vZgpn8bQ+d6bE6#kk8;,g*NMs%Uni() 3i X4DB7pV`CwR*"YLv&1YE*fUW1 H@U@M_ec!ai2(0u5d=P!wC9hHJI?!Mh`5YP'>;vsE$(3 @\[_krh $j;rLeD#a@E$FaE 4nlxgf:> )fkC$}L8!z{olu|Uop\[=@3Ie@F@J+]A^\0+};7; 8"{dv4CQ)!}k}Bd/ l/IF DA'> Ar.`cN#NSOIhI)7v~_B)E8[xl)R-w d`g?(6nmG[{'AFhUMi[oArChoy3c r1}6$V@gwc|3(uIF%g0L]w5qbkVha,^Zw6p) J9n^jf5g[*jw?R#u8sntz @]$$MCgb{BK#i5~ pRi x>X*tJ2sB\-[n22?0PRT {rl`D,MZEQAJg@]5wBtZE They are variants of an agglutinative tongue, and are apparently not related to any other known language. The Population:The population is naturally not homogeneous. (4) Nippur:Some distance Southeast of Babylon lay Nippur or Niffur, now Niffer (Noufar), identified by the rabbis with the "Calneh" of Genesis 10:10. After the death of Humbanigas, his successor, Sutur-Nahhundi or Ishtar-hundu (Babylonian), still befriended Merodach-baladan, and advanced to his help. Urged by him, Umman-igas forgot the benefits which he had received at the hands of Assur-bani-apli, and sent an army into Babylonia under the command of Undasi, son of Te-umman, telling him to avenge upon Assyria the killing of his father. to the Race:Not only the language, but also the sculptures which they have left, point to the probability that the earlier inhabitants of Shinar belonged to a different race from the later. Sculpture in Shinar12. About 2280 B.C. The most celebrated were the reformer Uru-ka-gina and viceroy Gudea, to whom many erections in the city were due. The texts detail the range of its gods, rituals and religious practices as well as its incipient sciences (medicine, astronomy, mathematics and technology). Sumerian has no proven relation to any other language, ancient or modern. Isaiah 21:2 A grievous vision is declared to me. The longest historiographic text is the Curse of Agade which city was seen to have been destroyed by the Guti as punishment for its evil by the gods using international military forces. Possible Babylonian Form of the Name: Though sometimes identified with the Babylonian Sumer, the connection of Shinar with that name is doubtful. I will investigate further about Mt Sinai. (5) The Extension of Elamite Authority Westward.Attapaksu (or Attahusu), Silhaha's sister's son, then became "shepherd of Susa." % Though it seems to have fallen early under the dominion of the Semites, it was at first Sumerian, as its native name, Zimbir, and the ideographic writing thereof show. Another and possibly later viceroy seems to have married Mekubi, daughter of Billama, viceroy of Asnunnak, who, as Elamite princess, erected buildings at Susa. Defections from his army now so weakened the forces of Te-umman that he endeavored to treat with Assur-bani-apli, who naturally refused to listen to terms, and ordered his troops to attack. New International Version (NIV). The First Nation to Use Writing in Western Asia:But in all probability special renown will always be attached to the non-Semitic inhabitants of Shinar as the inventors, or at least the earliest users known to us, of the cuneiform script. The two armies faced each other on the banks of the Itite, and after an attack in which the Assyrians were at a disadvantage, the Elamites gave way, and Umman-aldas fled to the mountains. Rivers:From these mountain ranges descend large rivers which flow through Elam to the sea. (9) Lagas:Some distance East of Warka was the territory of Lagas, now Tel-loh-a little state, rather in accessible, but of considerable importance to the antiquarian, which is a testimonial to the advance in civilization which it had made. One of the chiefs of Susa about this time was Simbi-ishak. OpenBible.info :The celebrated shrine of Ishtar was already in existence in the time of Lugal-zaggi-si, who came somewhat later. To show this the following transcribed example will probably suffice:13. Apart from its institutions, through its lit. the same as the Galilee of the Goiim ( Isa 9:1; RSV "nations"). and art. You may unsubscribe from Bible Gateways emails at any time. that certain Kassites overran West Mesopotamia, and settled in the northern part of Elam, which was thereafter called by the Assyrians mat Kassi, "the land of the Cosseans." Some Assyriologists considered inar a western variant or cognate of umer (Sumer), with their original being the Sumerians' own name for their country, ki-en-gi(-r), but this is "beset with philological difficulties". Genesis 11:4 - They said, "Come, let's build ourselves a city, and a tower whose top reaches to the sky, and let's make a name for ourselves, lest we be scattered abroad on the surface of the whole earth.". Keep in mind, we have inherited lies is the theme. He died prematurely (by his own hand) the same year, and was succeeded by his brother Te-umman (Tepti-Humban). Of this the smaller part-which, however, was also the most ancient historically-lay between the Pusht-e-Kuh on the West, the Lur mountains on the North, the Bakhtiari heights to the East and Southeast, and the hills of Ahwaz to the South. 2. This northern identification might suit Genesis 14:1 but is of itself not evidence for it. Surface Configuration:Elam consisted of a plain occupying a depression in the mountains of Iran or Persia. According to the Bible, those who settled in the Land of Shinar "came from the East." This means that only a portion of Noah's offspring settled in the Land of Shinar. Like the whole of Shinar in general, it is more or less dried up in summer, and unhealthy for Europeans. Fauna:The fauna is said at present to be less numerous than formerly. When it is prepared, she will be set there in her own place. The elephant, wild ass, wild ox and ostrich are no longer to be found on the Chaldeo-Elamite plain, but a few examples of the lion still exist there. 221; Zehnpfund, Babylonien in seinen wichtigsten Ruinenstatten, 48.T. Apparently there are no forests-the sacred groves referred to by Assur-bani-apli are thought by De Morgan to have been artificial plantations. a.d. Syr. The City's Numerous Names:The consideration in which the city was held is made plain by the geographical lists, from which it would seem that it had no less than 11 names, among them being Illab or Illag, Tir-anna, "the heavenly grove"; Ub-imina, "the 7 regions"; Uru-gipara-imina, "the city of the 7 enclosures"; and Uruk-supuri, "Erech of the folds" (the name which it always bears in the Gilgames legend), given to it either on account of its being a center where pastoral tribes gathered, or because of the flocks kept for sacrifice to its deities.7. The States of Shinar:(1) Sippar;(2) Kes;(3) Babylon;(4) Nippur;(5) Adab;(6) Surippak;(7) Umma;(8) Erech;(9) Lagas;(10) Larsa;(11) Ur;(12) Eridu;(13) The Land of the Sea;(14) Nisin, Isin, or Karrak;(15) Upa or Upia (Opis);(16) Other Well-known Cities10. The Ab-e-Diz, a river with a greater volume of water, is formed by the uniting of two streams above Dizful. History:(1) The Earliest Period.Beginning with the semi-mythical period, we have the story of the fight of the Babylonian hero Gilgames with the Elamite tyrant Humbaba, who was defeated by the hero and his helper Enki-du, and beheaded. He established his kingdom "in the land of Shinar," including the cities "Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh" (Genesis 10:10), of which only Babel, or Babylon, and Erech, or Uruk, have been identified with certainty. Geographical Position and Names:A well-known tract, partly mountainous, whose western boundary, starting on the Northeast side of the Persian Gulf, practically followed the course of the lower Tigris. It is thought probable that the Elamite king Sadi(?) No undisputed equivalent of the Heb. Sargon first attacked the Chaldeans and defeated them at Dur-Athara, and, entering Elam, stormed and captured the cities of the land. The shrine dedicated to Ishtar is apparently now represented by the ruin known as Buwariyya or "reed-mats," and so called on account of the layers of matting at intervals of 4 or 5 ft. Elam was at this time still under Babylonian suzerainty, which continued under his successor, Gimil-Sin, who also built at Susa, his vassal being Ebarti-kin-Daddu, viceroy of Susa. Wheat and barley, sown in October and November, are harvested in April. The principality called Namar was detached from Susian territory and reunited to the domain of Babylonia. Mountain Ranges 4. Encyclopedia. influence far beyond its bounds, by economic prosperity and a revival in every branch of Sumer. The Principal Cities:The two principal cities were Susa or Shushan, called Susun in the native texts, and regarded as the old capital, situated on the Ulai (Karkha); and Anzan (Ashshan, Anshan), more to the Southwest. Apirti and the "Bandit Nations":From the inscriptions of Mal-Amir, to the East, we learn that that was the place of another kingdom called Apirti, the land of the Apharsites of Ezra 4:9. The date indicated for this ruler by the inscriptions of Assurbani-apli is 2280 B.C. Labs Thus Nanna(r), or Suen the later moon-god Sin, was god of Ur; An, the sky-god at Uruk, Enki(Ea) god of the deep waters and mysteries at the sea port of Eridu. king list written c. 2150 b.c. When Ur-Nammu died in battle his son Shulgi succeeded to the throne. Shinar was used early to describe the land which included the cities of Babel (Babylon), Erech (Warka) and Accad (Agade) within the kingdom of Nimrod ( Gen 10:10 ). In 682 B.C. Since many bilingual texts survive, there is much evidence for the language and through it of early Sumer. ), were successively masters of Elam. Tarr of Cornell University has recently described the effect of an earthquake on the shores of Alaska, in which there was a change of level of 47 ft.More probably (see ARABAH; DEAD SEA) there has been a rise in the waters of the Dead Sea since Abraham's time, caused by the encroachment upon the original area of evaporation by the deltas which have been pushed into the main part of the depression by the Jordan, and various smaller streams descending from the highlands on either side. Jubilees 10:20 states that the Tower of Babel was built with bitumen from the sea of Shinar. The Sumer. Geographical Position and Names 2. The reference to known Babylonian cities within Shinar (Gen 10:10; 11:2) and the equation with Babylon of the Exile (Dan 1:2) makes the identification with Babylonia almost certain. ANET 1950), 27-59, 159. This center of learning maintained its independence even after the other states had been absorbed by Hammurabi and his dynasty into the Babylonian empire. Babylon was one of the most powerful and influential kingdoms in the ancient world. In 11:2 Shinar is described as the land of the plain where migrants from the East settled, and founded Babel, the city, and its great tower. (See Gudea's remarkable statue in the Louvre. Ancient Jerusalem - Interactive Study of Jerusalem with Map. It is true that from the traditional site of Pisgah the south end of the Dead Sea could not be seen. Temperament of the Inhabitants of ElamLITERATURE1. It has been sought in the Orontes valley, between Antioch and Seleucia, and also at Wady Nahr el-Barid, leading down from Homs to the Mediterranean to the North of Tripoli. As Elamite and Babylonian sovereign, Kudur-Nahhunte entrusted Susa to a feudatory ruler, and among the viceroys who governed Elam may be mentioned Sirukdu', who constructed at Susa, and Temti-Agun, his sister's son, who built in that city the temple to Isme-karab, "for the health of Kutir-Nahhunte and his family." (15) Upe or Upia (Opis):Upe or Upia, the Greek Opis, apparently obtained renown at a very early date, its kings being given in the great chronological list before those of Kis. that king marched again against Merodach-baladan, who had taken refuge at Nagitu and other places on the Elamite side of then elongated Persian Gulf. The word Mesopotamia means the land "between the rivers" which were the Tigris and Euphrates. Sennacherib, however, himself claims the victory, and describes with great wealth of detail the horrors of the fight. Eannatum was followed by Urukagina who by social reforms and legislation sought to curb the growing bureauracy which bore hardly on the poor, the widows and the fatherless. All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version. This is also implied by the fact, that Sen'ar was used in Syriac for the country around Bagdad, and in ancient times included (it may be supposed) the plain upon which the ruins of Babylon stand. Genesis 11:9 - Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the LORD confused the language of all the earth. SIDDIM, VALE OF. Sorghum remains in the ground all through the dry season, and is watered artificially until October, and cut in November. There is evidence for a primitive form of democracy which soon clashed with the growing power of the priests and temple, but eventually outclassed the latter through the control of military forces. But more details bearing upon this period are needed. Beginners Bible Guide to all 66 Bible Books, Specialized Bible Atlases, Leaders Guides. Rivers 5. Manpower for irrigation and defense was worked through a city-council of representatives under a lord (en) who later assumed the role of king (lugal=chief man). In Genesis 10:10 it is the district wherein lay Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, cities which were the "beginning" of Nimrod's kingdom. Kish took over hegemony from Uruk until a stronger family at Ur, Mesannipada and his son Aanipadda (c. 2550) with links with Mari in the N, held sway. An Elamite contemporary of Nabonassar of Babylon was Humbanigas, 742 B.C. This was refused, and war broke out between the two countries immediately after. It is said to have been in Sippara (Sippar) that Ut-napistim, the Babylonian Noah, buried the records before entering the ark. Some Biblical scholars claim that Asshur also founded a city after his name and the people who lived in Asshur became known as the Assyrians. II. ), of whom nothing is known. Unwilling to regard his former efforts as fruitless, the Assyrian king decided to finally subdue the land, and to this end invaded it, the pretext being that the Elamites refused to deliver up the image of the goddess Nana, which had been carried off from Erech 1,635 years before, in the time of Kudur-Nahhunte (see (4) above). The Testimony of the Sculptures, etc. Nebuchadrezzar (604), Evil-Merodach (561), Neriglissar (559), and Nabonidus (555-538 B.C. Out of that land he went into Assyria, and built Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah, and Resen between Nineveh and the great city Calah. The earliest really historical reference to the Elamites as the foes of Babylonia, however, is apparently that contained in a letter from the priest Lu-enna to the priest En-e-tarzi announcing that the Elamites had invaded Lagas and carried off considerable booty. (8) Erech:South of Fara lay Unuga, Semitic Uruk, the Biblical ERECH (which see), now Warka. This will not only give an idea of the poetical form of the Sumerian legend of the Creation by Merodach and Aruru, but also show how short and concise, as a language, was the speech of Shinar, before Semitic supremacy.T. New Testament Overview - General survey of the New Testament. It may be objected that the system which they introduced was cumbersome and imperfect, but they knew of nothing simpler, and modern Chinese, with which their script has been compared, is far less practical. They also disobeyed God's command to be fruitful and fill the earth. (10) The Conflict between Elam and Assyria.At this time, however, the Assyrians became dominant in Babylonia (see TIGLATH-PILESER and SHALMANESER), but it was probably not until the reign of Sargon of Assyria (see SARGON) that Elam came into conflict with Assyria. Map Genesis 14. This location of Shinar is first mentioned in Genesis 10 in relationship to Nimrod and the building of his kingdom. Crit. The same demand was made to Ummanaldasu as had been made to Indabigas, but Nabubel-sumati, not wishing to fall into the hands of the Assyrians, called on his armor-bearer to dispatch him, and the two ran each other through with their swords. This implies that the kings of Apirti at one time held dominion over Susa, and perhaps the whole of Elam. Samas-sum-ukin immediately turned his attention to the new ruler, and induced him by fresh presents to come likewise to his aid. Ezekiel 32:24 There is Elam and all her multitude around her grave; all of them slain, fallen by the sword, who are gone down uncircumcised into the lower parts of the earth, who caused their terror in the land of the living, and have borne their shame with those who go down to the pit.

O'hare Terminal 5 Parking Lot D, Articles W