This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 392 ofthe 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918), Anatomy figure: 34:02-04 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center. cookies to help us improve it. The stylohyoid muscle is extremely variable. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. The stylohyoid among the triangles of the neck. Practice Essentials. Styloid process shown in red, Last edited on 15 December 2022, at 07:01, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporal_styloid_process&oldid=1127530031, This page was last edited on 15 December 2022, at 07:01. The styloid process is a slender outgrowth at the base of the temporal bone, immediately posterior to the mastoid apex. The pain caused by Eagle syndrome is a type of nerve pain, which means it is caused by unusual nerve signals, not damage to the painful area. It is located in. The nomenclature widely varies for the syndromes associated . Before Eagle syndrome: It also known as the stylohyoid syndrome which occurs due to the partial ossification of ligament of stylohyoid. Extrinsic muscles of the tongue. It has many variations but these variations do not necessarily produce clinical symptoms. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 2012 Mar;23(2):e138-40. PMC Cureus. Orofacial pain and stylohyoid complex syndrome. [citation needed]. In addition, it lifts the base of the tongue up when swallowing. Valerio CS, Peyneau PD, de Sousa AC, Cardoso FO, de Oliveira DR, Taitson PF, Manzi FR. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. [citation needed], The styloid process arises from endochondral ossification of the cartilage from the second pharyngeal arch. Usually normal stylohyoid process is 2.53cm in length, if the length is longer than 3cm, it is classified as an elongated stylohyoid process. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Read more, Physiopedia 2023 | Physiopedia is a registered charity in the UK, no. The stylohyoid muscle is a facial muscle located in the neck. Khandelwal S, Hada YS, Harsh A. Eagle's syndrome - A case report and review of the literature. The site is secure. There is also pain upon turning the head or extending the tongue. Anatomy, head and neck, stylopharyngeus muscles. National Library of Medicine This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 145 ofthe 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918). The stylohyoid muscle extends between the temporal and hyoid bones. Eagle's syndrome. page'. Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries. Eagle's syndrome: a clinical report and review of the literature. The .gov means its official. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The temporal styloid process is a slender bony process of the temporal bone extending downward and forward from the undersurface of the . The styloid process projects from the inferior part of the petrous temporal bone and offers attachment to the stylohyoid ligament and the stylohyoid, stylopharyngeus, and styloglossus muscles. The digastric muscle (also digastricus) has two bellies, namely the anterior and posterior belly. Styloid process shown in red. By acting on the hyoid, it facilitates tongue retraction, swallowing (deglutition) and keeps the airway open during inspiration. management, and accessibility. [citation needed] The styloid process gives attachments to several muscles, and ligaments. Dissection of the muscles of the palate from behind. The contraction of the stylohyoid muscle elevates and retracts the hyoid bone, especially during swallowing. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic depletion produces orofacial static mechanical allodynia. Accessibility An official website of the United States government. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. Would you like email updates of new search results? The muscle lifts the hyoid bone during swallowing, which gives the characteristic in and out appearance of swallowing. It lies caudally, medially, and anteriorly toward the . The stylohyoid muscle originates from the temporal styloid process; it is a thin and long muscle that lies parallel to the posterior belly of the digastric. [4], Please review the contents of the section and, "[Styloid syndrome: a review of literature]", "Internal jugular vein stenosis associated with elongated styloid process: five case reports and literature review", "Eagle Syndrome Presenting with Neurological Symptoms", "Provoked Eagle syndrome after dental procedure: A review of the literature", "Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of styloid process: a retrospective study of 208 patients with orofacial pain", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle_syndrome&oldid=1150198754, Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of cervical spine showing ossification of the stylohyoid ligament on both sides. Careers. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F. & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). 2011 Mar;137(3):248-52. doi: 10.1001/archoto.2011.25. We'd like to set Google Analytics cookies to help us to improve our website by FOIA Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For more information about the suprahyoid muscles and other muscles of the ventral neck, take a look below: Stylohyoid muscle: want to learn more about it? Setting: [1] It is one of the suprahyoid muscles. Throughout its course, stylohyoid has several important relations: Stylohyoid receives innervation from the stylohyoid branch of the facial nerve (Cranial nerve 7). With medical management, symptoms can improve but are unlikely to disappear completely. The tissues in the throat rub on the styloid process during the act of swallowing with resulting pain along the glossopharyngeal nerve. Saudi Dent J. Eagle syndrome (also termed stylohyoid syndrome, [1] styloid syndrome, [2] styloid-stylohyoid syndrome, [2] or styloid-carotid artery syndrome) [3] is an uncommon condition commonly characterized but not limited to sudden, sharp nerve-like pain in the jaw bone and joint, back of the throat, and base of the tongue, triggered by swallowing, moving Lift the chin toward the chest. Etiology of chronic neck pain includes neck sprain, mechanical or muscular neck pain, myofascial pain syndrome, postural neck pain as well as pain due to degenerative changes.We report the case of a 42 year old secretary, complaining about a longer history of neck pain and limited movement of . Stylohyoid muscle (musculus stylohyoideus) -Yousun Koh, Attachments and some relations of the stylohyoid muscle - Paul Kim. Case report: An atypical presentation of Eagle syndrome. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Read more. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the and transmitted securely. Epub 2009 Sep 11. The largest and strongest muscle in, The extensor pollicis longus muscle begins at the ulna and the interosseous membrane, a tough fibrous tissue that connects the ulna and the radius in. National Library of Medicine The condition can cause moderate to severe pain that can become so bothersome that the patient cannot function normally. Epub 2017 Feb 2. The primary function of this group of muscles is to depress the hyoid bone during speech and swallowing. There is no known cure to this syndrome, although nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are prescribed to reduce pain and inflammation. The depressor labii inferioris muscle is a four-sided facial muscle located in the jaw area that draws the lower lip down and to the side. network In most people, an elongated styloid process bone is the culprit in Eagle syndrome. The digastric muscle in its posterior portion could be the site of a rare complication of otitis . Passing inferior and anterior, it inserts into the body of the hyoid bone, at its junction with the greater cornu, and just superior to the omohyoid muscle. It is perforated, near its insertion, by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle. As its name suggests, it runs from base of the skull to hyoid bone. Cookie Control Link Icon. Severe cases may require injections to numb the affected area. stylohyoid muscle (innervated by the facial nerve) [citation . The site is secure. The stylohyoid muscle (musculus stylohyoideus in Latin) is one of the suprahyoid muscles of the neck that stretches between the base of the skull and the hyoid bone. It inserts on the body of the hyoid. [15], Patients with this syndrome tend to be between 30 and 50 years of age but it has been recorded in teenagers and in patients > 75 years old. ), Left temporal bone. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). What are the symptoms of Eagle syndrome? 2023 RehabMyPatient.com - All Rights Reserved | Privacy policy. [11], Radiograph, lateral view showing elongated stylohyoid process and stylohyoid ligament ossification, Radiograph, lateral view showing joint-like formation in ossified stylohyoid ligament, CT scan, coronal section showing bilateral extended styloid process and stylohyoid ligament ossification (incidental finding), 3D-reconstructed CT scan showing bilateral stylohyoid ligament ossification, 3D reconstructed CT scan showing elongated styloid process (right side). Ossification or abnormality of the stylohyoid chain or complex (SHC), comprising the styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, and the lesser horn of the hyoid bone, may cause various cervicopharyngeal symptoms such as dysphagia, dysphonia, odynophagia, headache, and chronic neck pain that may radiate to the ear or eye. The overall success rate for treatment (medical or surgical) is about 80%. how the website functions. There are four suprahyoid muscles in total, the other three being the mylohyoid, geniohyoid and digastric muscles. Neck Muscles* . Epub 2020 Aug 26. Last medically reviewed on February 17, 2015, The anterior inferior ligament and the anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus are also known as the anterior tibiotalar ligament. It initiates a swallowing action by pulling the hyoid bone in a posterior and superior direction. Disclaimer. Anyone who experiences symptoms associated with Eagle syndrome should see a doctor who specializes in pain conditions, or ask a dentist or primary care physician for a referral. Symptoms associated with the condition might also be confused with those that are attributed to a number of different facial neuralgias. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.sdentj.2010.10.006. The spur can, Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. 2011 Sep;137(9):952; author reply 952. doi: 10.1001/archoto.2011.733. Stylohyoid muscle transfer in marginal mandibular nerve palsy. Pathologic conditions associated with the stylohyoid muscle may result in cervical and pharyngeal symptoms such as neck pain laterally in the area of the angle of the mandible, submandibular space, and anterior upper neck. Results: . It may be absent or doubled, lie beneath the carotid artery, or be inserted into the omohyoid, or mylohyoid muscles. Before Its origin is the styloid process of the temporal bone. For people who choose not to undergo surgery or for whom surgery does not work, Eagle syndrome may be a chronic condition. Relatively few conditions affect the stylohyoid muscle. Stylohyoid complex syndrome: a new diagnostic classification. The stylohyoid muscle receives arterial blood from branches of the facial, occipital and posterior auricular arteries. We avoid using tertiary references. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. Neck. Design: Copyright Computed tomographic findings included elongated styloid processes (3 sides), ossified stylohyoid ligaments (2 sides), and elongated hyoid bones (3 sides). The pain may get exacerbated by movements such as speaking, swallowing, yawning, or head-turning. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The stylohyoid muscle is given instructions by the facial nerve. Orofacial pain and stylohyoid complex syndrome. [1], The stylohyoid muscle originates from the posterior and lateral surface of the styloid process of the temporal bone, near the base. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28215854, https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9401/eagle-syndrome, https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMicm1703542?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&, https://academic.oup.com/jscr/article/2017/8/rjx152/4057605, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3949492/, https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijd/2009/781297/, One-hour endoscopic procedure could eliminate the need for insulin for type 2 diabetes, New clues to slow aging? Its function is to draw the hyoid bone in a backward position to elevate the tongue, primarily when swallowing. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. It is a severe form of a sinus infection that usually affects, A look at tightness in the throat, an uncomfortable feeling that has a range of causes. [4], Classic Eagle syndrome is present on only one side; however, it may rarely be present on both sides. When the skull's styloid processthe pointy bone below the earbecomes elongated in a manner that pushes against a nerve or blood vessel, it can result in Eagle syndrome. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. Atypical chronic head and neck pain: don't forget Eagle's syndrome. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The muscle shares its innervations with the facial nerve. Journal of Occupational Medicine . If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. In these cases, turning the head can cause compression of the artery or a tear inside the blood vessel, which restricts blood flow and can potentially lead to a transient ischemic attack or stroke. The muscle lifts. Standring, S. (2016). They may be relieved by infiltration of lidocaine into the tonsillar bed. reporting information on how you use it. 2011;23(4):211?215. J Calif Dent Assoc. Anatomy and human movement: structure and function (6th ed.). Stylohyoid complex syndrome includes all lateral neck and/or facial pain conditions resulting from an elongated styloid process, ossified stylohyoid ligament, or elongated hyoid bone. Surgical intervention directed at any pathologic point to disrupt this complex relieves tension and offers patients relief of symptoms. Nicola McLaren MSc The masseter is the primary muscle that brings your teeth together when youre chewing. However, only between 4 and 10 percent of these people around 1 in 62,000 people have any symptoms. Imaging is important and is diagnostic. Its function is to draw the hyoid bone in a backward position to elevate the tongue, primarily when swallowing. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Lie on either a bed or a sofa with the head dangling over the edge. [1], It arises by a small tendon from the posterior surface of the styloid process, near its base.[2]. When coding for shortening of the styloid process use CPT code 21499 . Some people develop a long styloid process after a throat injury or surgery. our 'Cookies A rare cause for cervical pain: Eagle's syndrome. It is part of the suprahyoid muscle group which connects the hyoid bone to the mandible and skull. this may affect They are typically facial pain (784.0), throat pain (784.1), neck pain (723.1) and dysphasia (784.5). [citation needed] Its length normally ranges from just under 3cm to just over 4cm. unilateral neck pain, sore throat or tinnitus. This can be due to congenitally long styloid processes, or scarring after surgery or traumatic injury. An elongated styloid process may put pressure on the throat and compress nearby nerves or blood vessels, causing pain. doi: 10.7759/cureus.21666. set a cookie on your device to remember your preferences. Eagle's Syndrome: A Case Report of a Unilateral Elongated Styloid Process. The muscle begins at the flexor retinaculum in, The movement of the upper arm and shoulder is controlled by a group of four muscles that make up the rotator cuff. The stylohyoid muscle is a thin muscular strip, which is located superiorly to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. Casale M, Rinaldi V, Quattrocchi C, Bressi F, Vincenzi B, Santini D, Tonini G, Salvinelli F. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Kenhub. Temporal styloid process shown in red. In both the classic and vascular form, the treatment is surgical. The muscle shares its innervations with the facial nerve. It shares this muscle's innervation by the facial nerve, and functions to draw the hyoid bone backwards and elevate the tongue.Its origin is the styloid process of the temporal bone.It inserts on the body of the hyoid. Animation. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. [citation needed], The parotid gland is situated laterally to the styloid process, the external carotid artery passes by its apex, the facial nerve crosses its base, and the attachment of the stylopharyngeus muscle separates it from the internal jugular vein medially. The tissues in the throat rub on the styloid process during the act of swallowing with resulting pain along the glossopharyngeal nerve. We'd also like to set optional Repeat the exercise for five repetitions before relaxing. Literal meaning Pillar shape or form. Anterior view. For Marginal Mandibular Nerve Palsy, stylohyoid muscle transfer is a possible second surgical option whereas the digastric muscle is the most preferred option. Posterior surface from the styloid process from the temporal bone. . The stylohyoid muscle has its origin from the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts on the lateral surface of the body of the hyoid bone at its junction with the greater cornu. In very severe cases, injections are used to numb the affected area. FOIA Can diet help improve depression symptoms? [4], A branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) innervates the stylohyoid muscle.[3][5]. analytics elevates the hyoid bone and draws it backwards, elongating the floor of the mouth. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. Extrinsic muscles of the tongue. or speech therapy can reduce the electrical activity of the muscle during the movement of the jaw and reduce pain. In some cases, a doctor may be able to feel an unusually long styloid process pushing into the throat. The styloid process is a piece of bone that starts at the base of the skull and attaches to a number of muscles and ligaments that are connected to the throat and tongue. It is thin and slender and is attached to the hyoid bone, which lies just below the lower jaw, or mandible. [1], Stylohyoid is innervated by the stylohyoid branch of the facial nerve. The external carotid artery also gives off the posterior auricular artery just superior to it. The muscle travels anteroinferiorly and medially, attaching to the body of hyoid bone, right at its intersection with the greater horn of hyoid bone. This SCM pain that is caused by TrP's in the posterior belly of the digastric is sometimes called 'pseudo-sternocleidomastoid pain'. government site. Necessary cookies enable core functionality such as security, The quadriceps femoris is a group of muscles located in the front of the thigh. The superior SCM may still be tender to touch but will itself be free of trigger points or twitch responses. Description The Mylohyoideus (Mylohyoid muscle), flat and triangular, is situated immediately above the anterior belly of the Digastricus, and forms, with its fellow of the opposite side, a muscular floor for the cavity of the mouth. The stylohyoid is located just in front of the digastric muscle, which lifts the tongue back when swallowing. A rare differential diagnosis to occupational neck pain: bilateral stylohyoid syndrome. The stylohyoid muscle elevates and retracts hyoid bone. It is one of the suprahyoid muscle which is located in the submandibular region. Stylohyoid is a paired muscle located in the anterior triangle of the neck. The pain may get exacerbated by normal actions such as speaking, swallowing, yawning, or head-turning. Cureus. 2008 Mar-Apr;12(2):131-3. All rights reserved. It is usually nearly straight, but may be curved in some individuals. Orofacial pain and stylohyoid complex syndrome Eur J Pain. Stylohyoid complex syndrome: is 1 more classification needed? [1], A small percentage of the population will suffer from an elongation of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament calcification. The stylohyoid muscle has also been associated with head and neck pain but the digastric and . Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster. Stylohyoid muscle in purple, "Chapter 7 - Physiologic Changes in Sleep", "7 - Intraoperative Complications: Bleeding", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stylohyoid_muscle&oldid=988143719, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles to be expanded from January 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 November 2020, at 10:31. This MNT Knowledge Center article looks at cricopharyngeal spasm, a condition in which the muscles in the throat spasm uncontrollably. In this article, well explore the anatomy of the stylohyoid muscle. Other symptoms may include voice alteration, cough, dizziness, migraines, occipital neuralgia, pain in teeth and jaw and sinusitis or bloodshot eyes. Entrapment of nerves by the stylohyoid complex is an uncommon cause of neuropathic jaw & neck pain. Inferior surface of left temporal bone. [14], Approximately 4% of the general population have an elongated styloid process, and of these about 4% give rise to the symptoms of Eagle syndrome. [1], Its proximal (tympanohyal) part is ensheathed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone (vaginal process), whereas its distal (stylohyal) part gives attachment to several structures. Stylohyoid Complex Syndrome Associated With Unilateral Vocal Cord Palsy: A Case Report. However, Eagle syndrome is highly treatable, with excellent outcomes for most people who seek treatment. The sternohyoid muscle is a part of a group of muscles called the infrahyoid muscles. In addition, the stylohyoid helps to keep the pharynx open during inspiration by tensing the floor of the mouth. 2016 May;20(5):855-6. doi: 10.1002/ejp.829. Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Eagles syndrome happens when an elongated styloid process causes a recurrent pain in the throat or a foreign body sensation, facial pain or dysphagia. Left side. The stylohyoid complex connects the hyoid bone important in swallowing & tongue movement to the head. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. Muscle acts to elongate the base of the oral cavity from raising the hyoid bone and pulling it posteriorly. 2022 Jan 27;14(1):e21666. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Elevates and draws hyoid bone posteriorly, Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve (CN VII), Branches from the facial, occipital and posterior auricular arteries. Symptoms following surgical intervention. Entrapment of nerves by the "stylohyoid complex" is an uncommon cause of neuropathic jaw & neck pain. Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. It is more common in women, with a male:female ratio ~ 1:2. To describe stylohyoid complex syndrome (SHCS) as a new diagnostic classification of all lateral neck and/or facial pain conditions resulting from an elongated styloid process, ossified stylohyoid ligament, or elongated hyoid bone. [12] The enlarged styloid may be visible on an orthopantogram or a lateral soft tissue X ray of the neck. government site. [5] Sometimes, compression of the internal jugular vein can also occur and might lead to increased intracranial pressure. Actions: Initiates a swallowing action by pulling the hyoid bone in a posterior and superior direction. Patients: A total of 122 were satisfied with the appearance of the small cut afterward. Eagle syndrome is characterized by recurrent pain in the oropharynx and face due to an elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament. In this study, the Eagles syndrome exhibited unilateral symptoms along with a bilateral elongation of the styloid process. Common presenting complaints were lateral neck and oropharyngeal pain exacerbated by tongue and head movements. Palastanga, N., & Soames, R. (2012). It is a small slender muscle, lies on the upper border of posterior digastrics muscle. It is essential to the process of eating. [citation needed], The condition was first described by American otorhinolaryngologist Watt Weems Eagle in 1937. No surgery is risk-free, and not all styloidectomies work. 8600 Rockville Pike I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. Attachments: Arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and attaches to the lateral aspect of the hyoid bone. Computed tomographic scan, frequently with volume-rendered 3-dimensional reconstructions, identified the pathologic condition. This action also results in tongue retraction and lengthening the floor of the mouth. The .gov means its official. What conditions affect the stylohyoid muscle? 2019 Apr 10;11(4):e4430. Eagle syndrome is not a progressive illness and will not cause other medical conditions. Politi, M., Toro, C., & Tenani, G. (2009). The ligament of stylohyoid muscle which is fibrous sometimes ossifies partially leading to Eagle syndrome (stylohyoid syndrome).. Eagle syndrome present in 4% population presents with mostly unilateral sharp shooting pain in jaw radiating into throat, tongue or ear leading to difficulty in deglutition, sore throat, and tinnitus especially on . When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. Tertiary, academic referral center. It forms the superior border of the carotid triangle together with the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. 1173185. doi: 10.7759/cureus.4430. Hoffmann E, Rder C, Fuhrmann H, Maurer P. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. [6] Medical management may include the use of pain and anti-inflammatory medications, antidepressants, and/or corticosteroids. 8600 Rockville Pike We use necessary cookies to make our site work. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6IGlYy91-8, https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Stylohyoid&oldid=291324. The age range was 38 to 53 years at time of presentation (mean age, 45.3 years). All of these pathologic conditions result in tension and reduced distensibility of the stylohyoid complex (SHC), with resultant irritation of the surrounding cervical structures with movement of the complex. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020818. The temporal styloid process is a slender bony process of the temporal bone extending downward and forward from the undersurface of the temporal bone[1] just below the ear. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. The pain is typically a dull and throbbing ache that may include a feeling that something is stuck in the throat. PMC You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Would you like email updates of new search results? Surgical intervention directed at any pathologic point to disrupt this complex relieves tension and offers patients

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