- (iii) 15 millicuries of tritium per dial (bezels when used shall be considered as part of the dial). The Radium Girls were female factory workers who contracted radiation poisoning from painting watch dials with self-luminous paint. At that time, a typical activity for GTLS was 200 mCi. The dose to an individual from a Pm-147 containing timepiece is due to the emission of Bremmstrahlung and gamma rays. Source: Department of Energy "Considered Sites" database and/or other government records. Send tips to, Report on Residual Radioactive and Beryllium Contamination at Atomic Weapons Employer Facilities and Beryllium Vendor Facilities (Aug. 2011), Environmental Protection Agency fact sheet, 2006 Environmental Protection Agency report. & Raber, M. S., Weinstein, G., photographer. As a result of the ingestion of the radium, many of the dial painters developed medical problems of varying degrees of severity. In addition, radium-contaminated soil and debris were identified at approximately 250 noncontiguous properties https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html, Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey, Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information, United States Radium Corporation, 422-432 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ, United States Radium Corporation, Radium Crystallization Laboratory, 428 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ, Ford Motor Company Edgewater Assembly Plant, Assembly Building, 309 River Road, Edgewater, Bergen County, NJ. The "M&E" later became a vital part of the Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western Railroad (DL&W) and survives today as NJ Transit's busy Morristown Line. Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Next to no light is due to gamma rays. Starting in 1979, the company underwent an extensive reorganization. The Pm-147, mixed together with ZnS in a polymer paint, is either an insoluble oxide or is incorporated into ceramic microspheres. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in The sealed tubes, made of borosilicate glass, were 0.5 to 1.0 cm long, and one or two millimeters in diameter. Note that the associated risk here is much lower than if the dose had been the same over the entire body. Notes. No more adhesive than necessary would be used because the adhesive would absorb some of the alpha particle energy before it could be deposited in the zinc sulfide. Unbeknownst to the women, the paint was highly radioactive and therefore, carcinogenic. In 1985, the State of New Jersey named Orange as a State Urban Enterprise Zone, creating tax breaks and investment incentives. "The noncontiguous affected properties It then became known as the City of Orange Township. The practice of adding mesothorium ended by 1930. @%~j~4dKg,}5o}r[^: q]b6 &pc.- H%00,P42&%@0P#(( (f6E!*e00YCA[ZXX=P &dllAT4$l!by` . 2UG(@C7Fm!,1lko``m`KaFG )I!v:0. Iqy United States Radium Corporation, Radium Crystallization Laboratory, 428 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ. Agency (EPA) during cleanup operations at the Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania Safety Light Corporation Superfund site. The workers had been told that the paint was harmless. In August 1921, von Sochocky was forced from the presidency, and the company was renamed the United States Radium Corporation. Through our specialized teams of experts and access to a consortium of more than 150 major Ph.D.-granting institutions, ORAU works with federal, state, local and commercial customers to provide innovative scientific and technical solutions and help advance their missions. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of The Deterioration of the Paint's Luminosity. Of course, radium is radioactive. N 'l" paper records, found to be radioactive, were discovered by the Environmental Protection. Also, radium mining in Canada ceased in 1954, driving up supply costs. In 1666, 30 of New Haven's Puritan Congregationalist families took the perilous journey by water to found "a town on the Passayak" River in order to escape religious persecution. Map of congested district. The damage presumably prevents electrons in the conduction band from reaching the activator sites (e.g., copper, silver) where the light would be emitted. Historic American Engineering Record, Creator, et al., photographers by Flagg, Thomas R, and Gerald Weinstein. NUREG-1717, June 2001. 3 0 obj Note: Addresses and approximate coordinates derived from government documentation, property records, interviews, and/or other resources. Equally important, scientific investigation of these dial painters, and of other victims of radium poisoning, led to the establishment of health standards used to protect workers in radioactive environments and to the emergence of human radiobiology as a field of study. Photograph. 0000000016 00000 n The high energy betas associated with Sr-90 are actually produced by its short-lived decay product, Y-90. figueroa street shooting; jeffrey friedman chiropractor; gifted child humming; how to adjust sim max driver; site of the original radium company city of orange. [3], The company struggled after World War I: the loss of military contracts sharply reduced demand for luminescent paint and dials, and in 1922, high-grade ore was discovered in Katanga, driving all U.S. suppliers out of business except U.S. Radium and the Standard Chemical Company. Survey number: HAER NJ-121-A, - Building/structure dates: 1917 Initial Construction, Historic American Engineering Record (Library of Congress), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. [12], The chief medical examiner of Essex County, New Jersey, Harrison Stanford Martland, MD, published a report in 1925 that identified the radioactive material the women had ingested as the cause of their bone disease and aplastic anemia, and ultimately death.[2]. City Council Agenda; Watch Meetings Online; Orange TV3 Live; By-District Elections; Boards and Commissions; Social Media. The company was originally established by brothers Charles and Gilbert LaBine as a gold mining enterprise in 1926, [2] but transitioned to focus on radium in the 1930s and uranium beginning in the 1940s. [Data Pages from Survey HAER NJ-121-B ], [Photo Captions from Survey HAER NJ-121-B ]. This can be converted into an effective dose equivalent (essentially a whole body dose) of 0.02 mrem per year. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. The company occupied the former Ottawa High School, located at Columbus and Washington Streets. trans by Alfson, Marymitter Documentation Compiled After. 95, radium has not been used in radioluminescent watches since 1968, or in clocks since 1978 (these dates are approximate). 0000001816 00000 n Significance: The U.S. Radium Corporation site, including the surviving structural components dating to the period 1917-1926, were associated with nationally significant developments in health and safety standards, the ability of women reformers to secure protection for workers handling radioactive materials, and tools used to detect and measure radio-isotopes. Since radium-226 has a 1600 year half life, its decay is not a significant factor. The dose to wearers of tritium-containing radioluminescent watches is due to the leakage of tritium from the device and the tritium then being absorbed through the skin. The first radioactive material to be used was radium-226 (Ra-226), but it hasn't been employed since the 1970s, at least in the U.S. Today, tritium (H-3) and promethium-147 (Pm-147) are the radionuclides of choice. Orange, West Orange. As I understand it, the crystals actually begin to fragment because of the damage caused by the alpha particles. Exposure rates to the head would be somewhat higher, possibly 5-10 times higher, because these are usually alarm clocks that would be positioned on a night stand near the head of the bed. Illness and death resulting from ingestion of radium paint and the subsequent legal action taken by the women forced closure of the company's Orange facility in 1927. EPA and NJDEP encourage the public to review these documents to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the Site and Superfund activities that have been conducted at the Site. Duplication Services Web site. Actor William Bendix lived and worked here for a short while. [10] Tritium-illuminated signs were marketed under the name Isolite, which also became the name of new subsidiary to market and distribute Safety Light Corporation's products. If you have any technical or historically-related questions about the collection, or if you are interested in making a donation, contact Dr. Paul Frame via email. %%EOF 0000001686 00000 n The production of beer ceased with prohibition in 1920, and after the repeal of the Holstead Act in 1933, the brewery was sold to John F. Trommers of Philadelphia. Sr-90 has not, at least to my knowledge, been used in timepieces. xref Map marker indicates approximate center of the former facility, based on site diagrams in a 2006 Environmental Protection Agency report. The radium crystallization laboratory is a contributory element to the historical significance of the U.S. Radium site. Estimates of the doses to individuals wearing tritium-containing watches vary: NUREG-1717 calculated both the dose to the skin in direct contact with the watch case, and the dose due the absorption through the skin of tritium in the general room air. The United States Radium Company was a notorious resident of Orange. Orange became notable for the "Radium Girls" lawsuit brought against the company in 1927.Aided by the New Jersey Consumers League, five women contended that their work conditions and their subsequent failing health were directly linked and requested that each woman receive $25,000 for damages. The case was eventually settled with much publicity with each woman receiving $10,000 and a $600 per year annuity while they lived. Although the women were not awarded the full damage amount, the case brought national attention to worker conditions and public health issues. Not only did military supply contracts end, but luminous dial manufacturing shifted to promethium-147 and tritium. It does not emit gamma rays. Manufacturing operations were subsequently moved into new wholly owned subsidiary corporations: Safety Light Corporation, USR Chemical Products, USR Lighting, USR Metals, and U.S. Natural Resources. Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials. Once they have been promoted to the conduction band by the radiation, the electrons move to positively charged activator sites (e.g., copper, manganese, or silver impurities). [2], U.S. Radium workers, especially women who painted the dials of watches and other instruments with luminous paint, suffered serious radioactive contamination. Therefore, the town became a busy thoroughfare for travelers, and hotels abounded due to the advent of stagecoach travel. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is 0000002092 00000 n ^_M~oVX'|/>pbm.4Wx].k%5l+NMXBpfS>cIEh9 WpjSqJ;mwufYZvXl +yv; ##{*7rqakf|48-b[1_Q%\&S;cn\ZR8W5;Rse4eKd% /qwv0Clt,E/Mbr?D.:0-f} 0000092475 00000 n Publication Average Radium Activity per Watch Range of Radium Activity. The young women got horribly and gruesomely sick. 1939 - Feb 1951. The latter procedure involved dusting a freshly painted dial with radioluminescent powder so that the powder would stick to the paint. While the radium-zinc sulfide mixture could be placed directly in glass vial and used, a paint had to include some sort of adhesive, e.g., lacquer or gum binder. Building/structure dates: 1917 Initial Construction, Historic American Engineering Record (Library of Congress), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Quoting Ross Mullner "there were so many radium painters in that country that it was common to recognize them on the streets even on the darkest nights because of the glow around them: their hair sparkled almost like a halo.". April 3, 1872, Orange was officially incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey State Legislature. Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and Ra-228 is a beta emitter, but over time it decays into thorium-228 (1.9 year half-life), an alpha emitter. Other radionuclides have also been used, e.g., strontium-90 (Sr-90) and carbon-14 (C-14). However, the most popular use for radium was in the making of clocks. United States Radium Corporation, Paint Application Building, 422 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ. Because it is on the NPL (National Priorities List), Us Radium Corp is considered one of the worst hazardous waste sites identified by the EPA. The City of Orange Township is approximately 2.2 square miles and is surrounded by the municipalities of East Orange, South Orange and West Orange. Radium Girls was first produced at Playwrights Theater of New Jersey. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. endobj the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog This explanation is plausible and might provide a partial explanation for the decreased luminosity of old paint, but I have my doubts. The following table comes from "The Use of Radium in Consumer Products," a 1968 publication of the US Public Health Service. Recognizing a good opportunity, a gemologist at Tiffany & Company, by the name of George Kunz, did patent it. One of the best kept trade secrets of the various manufacturers was how they minimized the inevitable decrease in the luminosity of their paint. NUREG-1717 also calculated the effective dose equivalent to the wearer of a Pm-147 containing watch using two scenarios. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our I suspect that the type and concentration of the activator sites would also play a role. In the previously mentioned study of pocket watches by the National Center for Radiological Health, measurements using TLDs and a human phantom indicated that the annual dose to the gonads was 60 mrem (assuming that the watch was worn 16 hours per day). There were no publicly recognized health or safety problems identified or standards established for handling radioactive materials at this time. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. *Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program. Orange threw a big party on its Centennial in 1807, and another when it celebrated it and it's Sesquicentennial in 1956 with much fanfare.At the Sesquicentennial, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was invited and wrote the following about Orange: It soon moved its dial painting operation to Ottawa, Illinois to be closer to its major customer, the Westclox Clock Company. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. There is almost no information available about the average activity of radium in clocks, nevertheless, it is known that the average activity in the clock dials from one manufacturer during the early 1970s was 0.5 uCi. New Jersey Orange Essex County, 1968. to. The total effective dose equivalent to the individual wearing the watch would therefore be 0.04 mrem per year. georgia forensic audit pulitzer; pelonis box fan manual Let the Journal know at wastelands@wsj.com, "The former U.S. Radium Corporation facility, which covers 2 acres in the City of Orange, Essex County, New Jersey, is a former radium-processing plant where extraction, production, application, and distribution took place from about The dead woman, and others who survived, became known as the first known victims of industrial radium poisoning. The old Radium Dial Company building became a meatpacking plant and then a farmer's co-op. The first electric trolley in the State of New Jersey operated over a section of this line. Building zone map. Little, E. H. - Colgate, Samuel - Colgate, Gilbert - Colgate, Richard - Colgate, William - Christianson, Justine - Colgate, Austen - Palmolive Company - Colgate, Sidney - Zakalak, Ulana D Little, E. H. - Colgate, Samuel - Colgate, Gilbert - Colgate, Richard - Colgate, William - Christianson, Justine - Colgate, Austen - Palmolive Company - Colgate, Sidney - Zakalak, Ulana D - Flagg, Thomas R - Colgate, Bowles - Historic American Engineering Record - Raber, Michael S - Weinstein, Gerald - Palmolive-Peet Company - Colgate-Palmolive - Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company - Colgate, Charles - Associates of the Jersey Company - Pearce, Charles - Colgate, Russell, Photo(s): 2 | Data Page(s): 7 | Photo Caption Page(s): 2, Raber, Michael S - Turner Construction Company - Hartz Mountain Industries, Incorporated - Kahn, Albert - Ford Motor Company - Flagg, Thomas R - Pittsburgh Clay Products Company - Historic American Engineering Record. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. At the Sesquicentennial, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was invited and wrote the following about Orange: USEFUL WEB LINKS FOR RESIDENTS AND BUSINESSES. The following items were identified in the article as containing radioluminescent paint: house numbers, keyhole locators, ship's compasses, telegraph dials, mine signs, steam gages, pistol sights, poison bottle indicators, bedroom slipper buttons, furniture locator buttons, theater seat numbers, automobile steering-wheel locks, luminous fish bait, and glowing eyes for toy dolls and animals.

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