His journey into the past was a search for roots, which he perceived as grounded in humanitys deepest needs for belonging and communicating. This system allowed anyone who passed an examination to become a government officer, a position which would bring wealth and honour to the whole family. ", Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot, Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China, Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China, "The Religiousness of "Confucianism" and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today", "Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation", "To Inherit the Ancient Teachings of Confucius and Mencius and Establish Modern Confucianism", "The Civil Theology of Confucius' "Tian" Symbol", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Entry: Confucius, Oriental Philosophy, "Topic:Confucianism", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confucianism&oldid=1152735062, This page was last edited on 2 May 2023, at 00:15. These are accompanied by the classical Sz (), that singles out four virtues, one of which (Y) is included among the Five Constants: There are still many other elements, such as chng (; , honesty), sh (, kindness and forgiveness), lin (, honesty and cleanness), ch (; , shame, judge and sense of right and wrong), yng (, bravery), wn (; , kind and gentle), ling (, good, kindhearted), gng (, respectful, reverent), jin (; , frugal), rng (; , modestly, self-effacing). In this context, people need notand should notwant to flatten hierarchies as much as possible. [citation needed], Other movements, such as Mohism which was later absorbed by Taoism, developed a more theistic idea of Heaven. The Master said, "He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.". Strictly speaking, there is no term in Chinese which directly corresponds to "Confucianism". Confucianism, the way of life propagated by Confucius in the 6th-5th century bce and followed by the Chinese people for more than two millennia. After the An Lushan rebellion, patronage for Buddhism and its institutions fell to a new southern gentry class, formed through the massive population shift southward as people fled the war-torn north. It is concerned with inner virtue, morality, and respect for the community and its values. This view was reinforced by Pope Benedict XIV, who ordered a ban on Chinese rituals,[158] though this ban was re-assessed and repealed in 1939 by Pope Pius XII, provided that such traditions harmonize with the true and authentic spirit of the liturgy.[159]. Zhougong was said to have helped consolidate, expand, and refine the feudal ritual system. [162][163] But using a broader definition, such as Frederick Streng's characterisation of religion as "a means of ultimate transformation",[164] Confucianism could be described as a "sociopolitical doctrine having religious qualities. The Lunyu ( Analects ), the most-revered sacred scripture in the Confucian tradition, was probably compiled by the succeeding generations of Confucius's disciples. [6] According to American philosopher Herbert Fingarette's conceptualisation of Confucianism as a philosophical system which regards "the secular as sacred",[7] Confucianism transcends the dichotomy between religion and humanism, considering the ordinary activities of human lifeand especially human relationshipsas a manifestation of the sacred,[8] because they are the expression of humanity's moral nature (xng ), which has a transcendent anchorage in Heaven (Tin ). [157] The Jesuits, including Matteo Ricci, saw Chinese rituals as "civil rituals" that could co-exist alongside the spiritual rituals of Catholicism. At first the Chinese people embraced Confucianism more readily than the ruling class did, but Confucianism was revived and popularized by the Han dynasty, from 206 BCE to 220 CE. "[32], Confucianism conciliates both the inner and outer polarities of spiritual cultivation, that is to say self-cultivation and world redemption, synthesised in the ideal of "sageliness within and kingliness without". This represents 0.09% of the world's population, or slightly less than 1%. Scholars recognise that classification ultimately depends on how one defines religion. Confuciuss hero was Zhougong, or the duke of Zhou (fl. Fundamentally, then, social disorder may stem from the failure to call things by their proper names, and his solution to this was zhngmng (; zhngmng; 'rectification of terms'). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Confucius replied, "There is government, when the prince is prince, and the minister is minister; when the father is father, and the son is son.". [73] Both the dynasties worshipped the supreme godhead, called Shangdi ( "Highest Deity") or D () by the Shang and Tian ( "Heaven") by the Zhou. That Confucius admitted students of different classes as disciples is a clear demonstration that he fought against the feudal structures that defined pre-imperial Chinese society. [129], Translations of Confucian texts influenced European thinkers of the period,[130] particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization. "[141] Matthew Sommers has also indicated that the Qing dynasty government began to realise the utopian nature of enforcing the "cult of chastity" and began to allow practices such as widow remarrying to stand. [8][160] Confucius views about Tin and about the divine providence ruling the world, can be found above (in this page) and in Analects 6:26, 7:22, and 9:12, for example. Starting in 2000, the US Religion Census began to make religious diversity a priority, trying to go beyond the major denominations to count . [155] More recently, some scholars have also begun to discuss the viability of constructing a "Confucian feminism". Confucianism regards texts such as the Five Classics as examples that should be followed to increase the harmony of the family, social order as a whole, and the world. Bell and Wang favour a system in which officials at the local level are democratically elected and higher-level officials are promoted by peers. Rn is close to man and never leaves him. In a much-discussed passage, women are grouped together with xiaoren (, literally "small people", meaning people of low status or low moral) and described as being difficult to cultivate or deal with. There are approximately 6.1 million followers of Confucianism worldwide. The RLS, conducted in 2007 and 2014, surveys more than 35,000 Americans from all 50 states about their religious affiliations, beliefs and practices, and social and political views. Women in the Teaching of Chinese Religions", "Women Existing for Men: Confucianism and Social Injustice against Women in China", http://yj.nuist.edu.cn/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20130621&year_id=2013&quarter_id=6&falg=1, "Carrying the Confucian Torch to the Masses: The Challenge of Structuring the Confucian Revival in the People's Republic of China", "Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"? Legge), Xun Zi chapter (22) "On the Rectification of Names" claims the ancient sage-kings chose names (; mng) that directly corresponded with actualities (; sh), but later generations confused terminology, coined new nomenclature, and thus could no longer distinguish right from wrong. Corrections? The Three Obediences and Four Virtues is one of the moral standards for feudal etiquette to bind women. Confucianism would also benefit from participation in such a dialogue; according to Tu, "If the well-being of humanity is its central concern, Confucian humanism in the third epoch cannot afford to be confined to East Asian culture. He, Baogang & Warren, Mark (2020). In so doing he attempted to redefine and revitalize the institutions that for centuries had been vital to political stability and social order: the family, the school, the local community, the state, and the kingdom. [44] The Confucian classic Xiaojing ("Book of Piety"), thought to be written around the Qin-Han period, has historically been the authoritative source on the Confucian tenet of xio. If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with the truth of things. By 2040, 28.1% of the Chinese population will be over 60, compared to 12.4% in 2010, according to the UN. The junzi disciplines himself. [101], Yet there are four seasons going round and there are the hundred things coming into being. In Confucianism, the sage or wise is the ideal personality; however, it is very hard to become one of them. Like filial piety, loyalty was often subverted by the autocratic regimes in China. Updates? Confucianism and Daoism In the 5th century BCE, China was thrown into a period of intense warfare among rival states. To Confucius, the junzi sustained the functions of government and social stratification through his ethical values. The scholar Yao Xinzhong allows that there are good reasons to believe that Confucian classics took shape in the hands of Confucius, but that "nothing can be taken for granted in the matter of the early versions of the classics". The Analects as the embodiment of Confucian ideas, Formation of the classical Confucian tradition, Mencius: The paradigmatic Confucian intellectual, Xunzi: The transmitter of Confucian scholarship, Confucian ethics in the Daoist and Buddhist context, Confucian learning in Jin, Yuan, and Ming, The age of Confucianism: Chosn-dynasty Korea, Tokugawa Japan, and Qing China. The Zhou belief in the mandate of heaven (the functional equivalent of the will of the Lord on High) differed from the divine right of kings in that there was no guarantee that the descendants of the Zhou royal house would be entrusted with kingship, for, as written in the Shujing (Classic of History), heaven sees as the people see [and] hears as the people hear; thus, the virtues of the kings were essential for the maintenance of their power and authority. [31], According to the scholar Stephan Feuchtwang, in Chinese cosmology, which is not merely Confucian but shared by all Chinese religions, "the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy" (hundun and qi ), organising through the polarity of yin and yang which characterises any thing and life. How many Confucianism followers are there worldwide? [79] The supreme godhead was also identified with the dragon, symbol of unlimited power (qi),[74] of the "protean" primordial power which embodies both yin and yang in unity, associated to the constellation Draco which winds around the north ecliptic pole,[72] and slithers between the Little and Big Dipper. For them, Confucianism does not have to be premised on the assumption that meritorious, virtuous political leadership is inherently incompatible with popular sovereignty, political equality and the right to political participation. [44] Tin may also be compared to the Brahman of Hindu and Vedic traditions. Definition. On spirituality, Confucius said to Chi Lu, one of his students: "You are not yet able to serve men, how can you serve spirits? Defenders of Confucian political meritocracy all champion a system in which rulers are selected on the basis of intellect, social skills, and virtue. Some examples include "to tame", "to mould", "to educate", "to refine". [94] In 2009, Zhou Beichen founded another institution which inherits the idea of Kang Youwei's Confucian Church, the Holy Hall of Confucius ( Kngshngtng) in Shenzhen, affiliated with the Federation of Confucian Culture of Qufu City. In later ages, however, emphasis was often placed more on the obligations of the ruled to the ruler, and less on the ruler's obligations to the ruled. Creation is therefore a continuous ordering; it is not a creation ex nihilo.

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