New York, NY. The issue is whether, under pressure, scientists and scholars do indeed increase self-citation artificially to boost their potential for rewards (including appointments, promotions, and funding). 2018; Baccini et al. Frontiers journals improved their Journal Impact Factor ranking in 30 out of 39 categories in the 2021 Journal Citation Report. Highest rates of self-citing in some categories that are still within that central range. in 2008 received 20.42 citations. Such considerations stem from the Mertonian notion of a citation as a repayment of an intellectual debt, which in turn provides reward in the form of community recognition to those so credited (Small 2004). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,102(46), 1656916572. Carley, S., Porter, A. L., & Youtie, J. (2012). Finally, attention must be paid to the presence of co-authors on publications that have self-citation rates significantly above expectations. Tracking self-citations in academic publishing. 2022 Frontiers Media S.A. All Rights Reserved. Elsevier's Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) is similarly defined as "the ratio of the total citations received, and the total citations that would be expected based on the average of the citation rates in subject fields" (e.g., Scopus, 2000). Costas, R., van Leeuwen, T. N., & Bordons, M. (2010). (1998). The smaller sets had too few articles to analyze, however, so the final number of field/year combinations analyzed was slightly less. We measure and communicate a range of metrics, including Impact Factor, CiteScore, overall citation rate, aggregate views and downloads, and news and social media mentions. Kaplan, N. (1965). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.01.002. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2018-0004. With three journals each from eight fields, a total of 24 journals were selected (Table 1). 's (2016) paper. Percentile values are baselines for evaluating research impact. & Adams, J. We found that the WOS database included 76% of the Covid-19 papers contained within the journals themselves. The proportion was 2% in 2020 and it increased to 7% in 2021. Wohlrabe and Birmaier [10] studied the citation . Google Scholar. Glnzel, W. (2008). Do citations provide a full narrative of meaningful health outcomes? The log plots provide an informative analysis for outlier detection. Published 2016 Sep 6. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002541. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,33(5), 281284. Elsevier Scopus provides traditional citation counts, the Field Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and benchmarking. How frequently are articles in predatory open access journals cited. The time period for citation counts is 10 years, plus partial year counts for the current year (data is updated six times a year). Ideas in Ecology and Evaluation,7(1), 12. Scientometrics,121(3), 16351684. 2010; Kim and Kim 2018). Chapter One way that these effects may be observed is through the influence that Covid-19 papers will have on JIF. is reasonable to infer that these rates are higher than those for all papers in Examples: For Articles in the field . Ecosphere, 8(7), e01887. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science,23(2), 2546. Zaggl, M. A. As will be seen below, this paper concentrates on author self-citation rather than co-author, or all-author to all-author, self-citation (following the approach of Kacem et al. Reasons behind the major increase in citations for Covid-19 articles seem straightforward. A feature of Google Scholar is Google Scholar Citations which allows users to create a personal publication profile which allows for generation of citation reports. It is important to recognize that citation counts grow over The Percentiles Table displays levels of citation activity. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.5090140304. Publish or Perish is a software program that retrieves and analyzes academic citations. (1986). 2016;14(9):e1002541. Goodhart's law [] states that when a feature of the economy is picked as an indicator of the economy, then it inexorably ceases to function as that indicator because people start to game it. 2018; Scarpa et al. ), 21st International conference on science and technology indicators (STI 2016), pp. Self-citation can inflate h-index. We find that, across 24 open-access and subscription-based scientific journals, Covid-19 papers published in the past 2 years currently have a median citation rate of 120.79 compared to 21.63 for non-Covid-19 papers. This data can help you understand where your score ranks. Journal of Documentation,64(1), 4580. Scopus provide citation counts for articles indexed within it (limited to article written in 1996 and after). Any paper published in the 10-year period may be cited by any other paper published during the same period. in the group. Scarpa and Baccini and colleagues have reported that the Italian national research assessment exercise (VQR, Research Quality Evaluation), initiated at the beginning of the past decade, provoked strategic behavior among researchers, especially those early in their careers, that resulted in significantly higher rates of self-citation than previously seen (Scarpa et al. A FWCI greater than 1.00 means the article is more cited than expected according to the average. It During the past two decades concern over the extent of an authors self-citation has risen in tandem with increased emphasis on citation-related performance indicators in the context of research evaluation and competition for support (Hicks 2012; Wilsdon et al. It also allows users to search within cited works. An early estimate was 8%, based on first author to first author self-citation and modest data availability (Garfield and Sher 1963). From the record page for a work, use the Cited By Other Articles in PMC feature to find other citing works in PMC. What do citations count? 4. Self-citation and self-reference: Credibility and promotion in academic publication. The citation rate in any single year can serve as a baseline to assess the The difference between research influence and self-citation excess, $${\text{Threshold}} = \left[ {{\text{Q}}3} \right] + \left[ {\left( {{\text{Q}}3 - {\text{Q}}1} \right)*N} \right]$$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5, How hot are hot papers? Sherief A. Ghozy, Any paper published in the These results are similar to where the pay gap stood in 2002, when women earned 80% as much as men. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Example: An article published in 2017 has been cited 5 times in 2017, 10 times in 2018, 5 times in 2019, and 12 times in 2020. Chorus, C. & Waltman, L. (2016). [but] it is quite difficult to use self-citation to inflate a citation count without being rather obvious about it. Baselines are annualized expected citation rates for papers in a research field. https://doi.org/10.1556/Scient.67.2006.2.8. Inclusion of these would undoubtedly have increased the volume of papers and affected the results, though the direction or magnitude of change is unclear. Scientometrics,91(3), 943953. The first example of automated citation indexing was CiteSeer, later to be followed by Google Scholar. This table shows some sample publications A-D that are in different subjects, and have different document types. The 2020 Journal Impact Factors are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. For instance, many more scientists work in neuroscience than in mathematics, and neuroscientists publish more papers than mathematicians, hence neuroscience papers are much more often cited than papers in mathematics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,40(5), 342349. Journal of Higher Education,81(3), 366393. 2019; Biagioli and Lippman 2020). In this paper we report our investigations as to whether there is a typical or normal range of self-citation for each of 21 discipline-based fields employed in Essential Science Indicators (ESI: these are listed in the Appendix Table1) and we describe a graphical test for significant outliers. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol22no1.1. Are sociologists publications uncited? https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e. Cherry Hill, NJ: Computer Horizons Inc. Peritz, B. Institutions (Glnzel et al. The journal impact factor, the two-year average ratio of citations to articles published, is a measure of the importance of journals. Temporal differences in self-citation rates of scientific journals. 2010). A variety of values for N may be considered, where a low threshold would be more exclusive, delineating a relatively large proportion of researchers to be reviewed, and a high threshold would be conservative, maximising inclusiveness and focussing only on extreme outliers. Bensman, S. J., Smolinsky, L. J., & Pudovkin, A. I. Keep in mind that citation rates are calculated from the citation counts of Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,61(7), 15141515. [12] To reach the top-100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014. Some of these limitations include: For a high-level overview of normalized metrics and their limitations, see: For an overview of the RCR and how it's calculated, see: Hutchins BI, Yuan X, Anderson JM, Santangelo GM. Cozzens, S. E. (1989). The norms of citation behavior: Prolegomena to the footnote. While marked outliers are detectable, they are not present in all fields and they cannot be excluded by a single universal arbiter such as a percentile. a 10-year period. Zhao, D. Z., & Strotmann, A. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000027310.68393.bc. The database tags papers as articles if they meet the following criteria: Reports of research on original works. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312714522871. Detecting h-index manipulation through self-citation analysis. Author self-citations in the field of ecology. Rather than setting a percentage of author self-citation above which an individual would be eliminated from consideration, we examined the distributions of author self-citation rates (and author self-referencing rates) for each of the 21 fields to determine true outliers. The following chart shows the differences between Citation Impact of various subject categories. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2020-DON229, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00253-8, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-1911-march-2020, https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/basic-search, https://jcr.clarivate.com/jcr/home?Init=Yes&SrcApp=IC2LS, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. JIF is a commonly used surrogate to determine journal excellence and is calculated by dividing number of citations in the current year for articles published in the previous two years by total number of articles published in that journal during the previous two years [21]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2913-5. Michael D. Brandt, Web of Science provides evidence of collaboration with other scientists and institutions, publication productivity, cited-by works, the h-index and also includes tools for creating citation maps. 10-year period may be cited by any other paper published during the same [24], An alternative approach to measure a scholar's impact relies on usage data, such as number of downloads from publishers and analyzing citation performance, often at article level. Leydesdorff, L., & Milojevi, S. (2012). Arxiv preprint. 2015). "[63], "Citation metric" redirects here. There are too many studies to list, some dealing with broad and others with specific fields, and differing with respect to time windows, but a few may be mentioned with the statistics they report: 9% overall, 15% for the physical sciences, 6% for the social sciences, and 3% for the humanities, using co-author self-citation (Snyder and Bonzi 1998); 11%, using author self-citation (Fowler and Aksnes 2007); roughly 15% of references and 13% of citations, using co-author self-citation (Sugimoto and Larivire 2018); about 13%, using co-author self-citation (Mishra et al. The following sample from a Percentiles The term percentile designates a citation threshold at or above that at which a fixed fraction of the papers fall. A high self-citation rate may reflect the extent of contributions and the researchers focus. Measurement in the Swedish Research Council's bibliometric system 2009, open citation window, self--citations included. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4571(2000)9999:9999%3c:AID-ASI1542%3e3.0.CO;2-T. Wilhite, A. W., & Fong, E. A. Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: An overview of basic concepts and theories. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World,3, 122. This would seemingly be an impactful factor in how often these articles are being cited. & Thombs, B. D. (2019). These rates of self-citation are evidently much lower than those of self-referencing, as expected for Highly Cited Researchers because their broad peer influence attracts many cites from others (van Raan 2008), and they are relatively more variable between fields compared to self-referencing. For months after, cases and fatalities rose at staggering clips as governing bodies worldwide grappled with the best measures to contain the virus. [31][32][33], Open access (OA) publications are accessible without cost to readers, hence they would be expected to be cited more frequently. Harnad, S. (2009). A concise review on the role of author self-citations in information science, bibliometrics and science policy. American Documentation,16(3), 179184. The continuous central range extends up to at least 30% self-citing: this is a rate well above most other fields. Negative binomial regression output reporting independent variable effects on citation count, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. https://clarivate.libguides.com/incites_ba. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0523-6. A theoretical evaluation of Hirsch-type bibliometric indicators confronted with extreme self-citation. interpreted as representing the central tendency of the distribution. van Raan, A. F. J. [12] Of Thomson Reuter's Web of Science database with more than 58 million items only 14,499 papers (~0.026%) had more than 1,000 citations in 2014.[12]. So the FWCI would be 23 / 18 = 1.28. https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159802400606. 2010; Bartneck and Kokkelmans 2011; Huang and Lin 2011; Ferrara and Romero 2013; Viiu 2016). 2018; van Raan 2019). Robert J. McDonald, Scientometrics,72(3), 427437. 2006; Thijs and Glnzel 2006; Glnzel 2008) and others (Aksnes 2003; Hyland 2003; Fowler and Aksnes 2007; van Raan 2008; Costas et al. More recently, advanced models for a dynamic analysis of citation aging have been proposed. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that the advantage of open-access is debatable with many studies showing no difference in citation rates andquality and heterogeneity concerns posing challenges for generalization [22]. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4929.1363. Averages are calculated by adding the citation counts of individual papers and dividing by the number of papers. Identifying community-wide influence is a central, though not sole, focus of the work that led to this paper, as will be described below. (2006). We considered a variety of thresholds, but as visual guidelines we found that the accepted box-plot standard of 1.5 times the inter-quartile range worked well. Those citations are from articles published What do citation counts measure? 237280). It is important to recognize that citation counts grow over time. Median rates of self-referencing were generally within a small range, from 7.38% in Economics & Business (ECB) to 11.26% in Social Sciences (SSS) with upper quartiles below 16%. In the early days of January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a bulletin that brought attention to 44 new cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology that had appeared at the end of December 2019 in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China [1]. dividing the total number of citations received by all papers in the group By comparison, there are points on a higher trajectory and, while these were largely between the low and high statistical indicators, some exceed the high indicative outlier threshold value. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,54(3), 251259. The 10-year averages are calculated from citations from articles published during the same 10-year period. The citation rate for all years is the total number of citations received by all papers in all fields published during the 10-year period divided by the total number of papers. For example, a global set might consist of all articles in the field of chemistry publishedin 2006. Data displayed are the average percentage of citations from (self-referencing to earlier papers) and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. Citation frequency is highly skewed with many infrequently cited papers and relatively few highly cited papers. Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H.-D. (2008). Scientometrics,54(2), 285290. The linear analysis provides an accessible dataset for initial interpretation of citation rates. Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE). By contrast the calculation of a self-citation rate divides all citations to self by all citations received from self and others, and both accumulate over time. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,98(610), 13471348. time. A citation is a reference to a specific work cited in another work.

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