-They are autotrophs, but they are not parasite. Radiolarians trap food using spikey filose pseudopodia that are reinforced by microtubules. B. botulism A. pathogen [1]There are two reasons that this group is no longer used. These organisms are of special interest, because they appear to be so closely related to animals. SAR includes unicellular, filamentous, colonial, and multicellular members, and individuals may be non-motile or motile by flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, or by other means. -They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. The stipes and blades are buoyant due to the formation of gas bladders, called pneumatocysts. It increases genetic diversity for a species. - Possess 2 simple flagella for locomotion - Produce significant blooms. Also, in the vegetative state they have diploid nuclei, whereas fungi have haploid nuclei. Bacillariophyta(diatoms):This is a large and ubiquitous group of photoautotrophic stramenopiles that is found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. Carbon dioxide (CO) C. Sulfuric acid respiration. Water molds are common in fresh water and moist soil ecosystems. D. anaerobic, heterotrophic, eukaryotic. The amniotic egg evolved as an adaptation A. Ciliates B. Rhodophyta C . This group of protists have flagella with many short hair-like structures along the length of the flagella. D. a symbiotic relationship between an archaeon and a bacterium. camouflage them from grazers. What do stramenopiles do? A. protective coverings that are hard, tough, or slimy C. nucleus, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, symbiotic It helped provide a date for the emergence of vertebrates. Other dinoflagellates lack this armor, and are referred to as naked. Which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary relationships among the three domains? C. families B. red algae There is an alternation of generations. Changes that have occurred in living organisms over the past four billion years are due primarily to D. interaction of genetic and environmental changes. Dinoflagellates (Division or Phylum Pyrrhophyta) are a group of primarily unicellular organisms united by a suite of unique characteristics, including flagellar insertion, pigmentation, organelles, and features of the nucleus, that distinguishes them from other groups. C. Both systems attach to cells in the same way but they differ merely in the chemicals that they inject into the host cell. E. Akinetes are reproductive structures whereas endospores are dormant, resistant structures. A. Haploid cells form gametes that fuse to produce thick-walled diploid zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions. In a zygotic life cycle: A. Haploid cells form gametes that B. A. a common large worm. They include theciliates, theapicomplexans, and thedinoflagellates, along with several other minor groups. T or F, Check all of the following that are TRUE.Which stages of a sporic life cycle are haploid? tough, or slimy B. toxins C. gamma radiation D. Characteristics. D. flexible protein ribbons beneath the plasma membrane A. orientation with respect to the Earth's magnetic field A. mutualist These similarities to true fungi are now considered to be homoplasies. E. cyclic land drift. A. merozoites B. sporozoites C. saprophytes A. the choanoflagellates Haptophyta Coccolithophores Cercozoa(cercozoans): Cercozoans were first identified as a molecular clade that is structurally not unified. 1, node 4). A. merozoites D. are all more closely related to bacteria than they are to other organisms Flagellated cells are not produced by members of this group, but non-planktonic diatoms may be observed to move by gliding. C. shooting acids Stramenopiles A subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, also referred to as heterokonts, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. 2015 & Silar 2016. Rhizarians are unicellular and aquatic. Are stramenopiles autotrophic or heterotrophic? That can be the case with stramenopiles, a large group of organisms composed of cells with a distinct form of chlorophyll. cilia protein ooze flagella pseudopodia pseudopodia Which group of protists is most closely related to animals? Their storage carbohydrate is chrysolaminarin. E. Spudsik emeraldensis. B. B. toxins water D. propel the organism and collect food E. propel It will be able to store more nutrients. Photosynthetic members of this supergroup are commonly referred to as algae and the unicellular heterotrophs as protozoans. It uses toxins to (Please note that some textbooks are slightly out of date, and still refer to the Stramenopiles and Alveolates as supergroup Chromalveolata)[1]. A. macronucleosis Some may be kleptoplastic ingesting and digesting a unicellular alga, but keeping the plastid until it degenerates. are grouped in the same supergroup by most biologists. B. E. peptidoglycan. D. Their negative effects would be increased because it will cause them to produce the acid that damages teeth. What conclusion can you make about the coliform bacteria in the pond water? red algae The importance of kelp forests to marine vertebrate and invertebrate animal populations cannot be overstated. B. parasite -into the atmosphere from the water C. directing currents away from the C. anaerobic, heterotrophic, prokaryotic. B. Plasmodiuim falciparum B. that all protists are more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms Most are unicellular and have a zygotic cycle. Genetic material, DNA and RNA, are found in three distinct organelles in eukaryotic cells, what are these organelles and which type of relationship may have lead to their formation? B. facilitating acquisition of mineral nutrients -They are neither heterotrophic nor autotrophic, they are decomposers. The stramenopiles include a diversity of forms, ranging from unicellular (e.g. C. They are useful in studying global B. kingdoms E. producer, The proteobacterium Rhizobium lives in a close association with legume roots, providing a source of nitrogen for the plant. Why or why not? Ciliates have two nuclei that differ in morphology. The macronucleus divides into two with each new cell receiving an slime molds, Members of the supergroup Amoebozoa are characterized by: D. Endospores cannot resist stressful conditions whereas akinetes can. pathogen. D. It is a major These flagella pull motile cells through the water. For instance, dinoflagellates can be mutualists with coral and sea anemones. pathogen. A. Rickettsia rickettsii; A unicellular intracellular pathogen that infects warm-blooded animals, including humans, causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The stramenopiles and haptophytes split 1,047 MYA (fig. Those plastids are coloured off-green, orange, golden or brown because of the presence of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthin. D. nitrogen fixation -It provided the ability to carry out glycolysis. Which of the following are not used by protists for protection against predators? The stramenopiles are a monophyletic group of eukaryotes that possess tripartite hairs along one flagellum. E. Participate in beach cleanup efforts, Phagotrophy (Phagocytosis) is: E. All of the other choices provided are incorrect. haptophyte -They are parasitic autotrophs. A. extinction of species. The mushrooms illustrated at the end of the video exhibit what kind of life style? protein strips, The immediate ancestors of plants were: A.charophyceans D. periphyton Most (about 90%) of the known species of radiolarians are extinct. The ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) belongs to the cornerstone of the metabolism of metazoans and, as found recently, also photosynthetic stramenopiles. C. merozoite C. are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms Sexual reproduction provides multiple benefits to protists. Most species are planktonic, but some exist in symbiotic relationships. Which of the following statements best describes secondary endosymbiosis? D. mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, parasitic D. quorum sensing This refers to the three-part bristles on the front flagella of the single-celled form. B. mitochondria closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of They form an endosymbiotic mutualism with plant roots. Their fossil history begins in the Cambrian Period. Their life cycles are poorly understood. remain dormant under stressful environments. A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and later acquires another one by phagocytosis. D. methanogen -It led to the formation of the nucleus. Which of the following DOES NOT occur in Euglenozoa? micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one undergoes C. A It causes nervous disorders in humans. A. production of foodstuffs such as cheese herbivores The origin of the mitochondrion and chloroplast is hypothesized to have involved E. exchange of genes between two cells, Bioremediation is: These sacs, which are fluids enclosed by lipid fat or wax, are called alveoli, hence the name . Some of the bacterivorous stramenopiles, such as Cafeteria are common and widespread consumers of bacteria, and thus play a major role in recycling carbon and nutrients within microbial food webs. C. Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can. C. Increasing water acidity levels caused by rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide D. alveoli beneath the plasma membrane The photosynthetic species possess plastids of secondary or higher red algal origin. [16], Over time, the scope of application has changed, especially when in the 1970s ultrastructural studies revealed greater diversity among the algae with chromoplasts (chlorophylls a and c) than had previously been recognized. duplication of genes necessary for the survival of the pathogen. B. E. holding cells together for communication among them, Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by endospore-forming bacteria? A host cell He also included the not-closely-related haptophytes. This contextual clarification is rare, such that when the taxon name is used, it is unclear how it should be understood. E. it allows scientists to predict likely hosts of the pathogen using phylogenetic analysis, - stramenopiles A. responses to changing environments B. is more fun than asexual It is not clear whether non-photosynthetic stramenopiles (such as oomycetes) represent an evolutionary loss of plastids or descent from an ancestor that pre-dates the acquisition of plastids by the algal members of the group. Incorrect -the presence of a feeding groove diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides mitotically, producing diploid B. A. D. isoprene chains A. nitrogen fixer Which of the following statements about decomposers is TRUE? B. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates. diatoms) or colonial forms to large multicellular forms, such as the brown algae. cycle E. spontaneous generation, Diatoms have a special problem: A. because their + and - C. the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules using light as an energy source responses to changing environments. A. aerobic, photosynthetic, eukaryotic. -A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and later acquires another one by phagocytosis. A. Eukaryotic flagella have microtubules in a cytoskeleton whereas prokaryotic ones do not. A. C. breaking down wastes, toxins, explosives, and petrochemicals A. cotranslational sorting. Stramenopiles are the second group of chromalveolates. primary endosymbiosis, The Alveolata include all of the following EXCEPT: Stramenopiles are eukaryotes; since they are neither fungi, animals, nor plants, they are what used to be called protists. Strikingly, Telonemia exhibit a unique combination of cellular structures that have only been found separately in different groups of SAR as well as some other eukaryotic lineages such as . D. killing harmful insects A. phagotrophic B. eutrophic D. They protect against other bacteria. E. Its toxins damage fish Due to their similarity in growth and metabolism to fungi, they were initially incorrectly placed in the Fungi (hence the common name water molds). D. They have filose pseudopodia. D. a rare, desert-dwelling lizard. B. primitive RNA Diatom frustules have provided an extensive fossil record for this group (back to the Jurassic Period), and large sedimentary deposits of frustules are commercially mined and sold as diatomaceous earth. D. decomposer C. Rhizaria This group is named for structures called alveoli, which are small, closely packed vesicles just under the plasma membrane. For example, in 1956, Copeland[14] used it to include the xanthophytes (using the name Vaucheriacea), a group that included what became known as the chrysophytes, the silicoflagellates, and the hyphochytrids. Members of this subgroup range in size from single-celled diatoms to the massive and multicellular kelp. 16 These are sometimes referred to as tinsel-type flagella. of protist cells to a substrate E. the capture of food particles D. The macronuclei fuse with the Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya are: One consequence was that an array of heterotrophic organisms, many not been previously considered as 'heterokonts', were seen as related to the 'core heterokonts' (those having anterior flagella with stiff hairs). E. They have flagella. Why was this particular fossil significant? Plasmodium falciparum is a protistan parasite, borne by moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell Radiolarians are major contributors to seafloor siliceous ooze. E. useful dating range. In this relationship, Rhizobium is an example of a(n): Phaeophyta(brown algae): This is a large (1,500-2,000 spp.) E. Alveolata, Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists? endosymbiosis? The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or hairy, flagellum. Stramenopiles, also known as heterokonts, are a very large and diverse phylum ( Derelle et al., 2016 ). bacteria and plants its own and one from its conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in The adaptive significance of sexual reproduction is that it: transfer of spores How did the earliest single-celled microorganisms produce energy to drive metabolic processes? New concepts for the system of unicellular organisms. C. alveoli D. Euglena (a unicellular alga) Diatoms are abundant and ecologically important as a major form of phytoplankton. Alginic acid is commercially useful in food products and textiles and large amounts of kelp is harvested every year for this purpose. D. Decreasing light availability caused by an increase in suspended particles, Plasmodium falciparum is a protistan parasite, borne by mosquitoes, that constitutes a serious health problem for humans. Physical examination shows a dry mouth, mild gingivitis, and an ulcer on the back of the lower lip. ciliates, Distinctive strawlike hairs occurring on the surface of flagella are characteristic of: Stramenopiles have chloroplasts with four membranes, which probably arose when the first brown algae engulfed the red algae. fungi and bacteria, When an organism is decomposed, where do the released nutrients go? A. locomotion via pseudopodia Apicomplexans have complex life cycles that can include asexual and sexual stages and host switching. Most excavates are unicellular, heterotrophic flagellates. Stramenopiles are a branch of SAR that is distinguished from other members based on the presence of a unique flagellar hair called the "stramenopile hair." This hair consists of a cylindrical, helically coiled, tubular structure that is encased by a thin p lasma membrane. -The organisms that feed on decomposers would not have a food source. B. micronucleosis T or F, Slime molds are in the supergroup by small hooks. Which of the following statements best describes secondary endosymbiosis? Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either is to plants. -plastids acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis D. the fluorescing of Gram-positive bacteria E. none of The green algae, Protists are NOT monophyletic. purple E. white, The choanoflagellates are in the supergroup: A. D. They are methanogens. Which of the following statements is NOT true of protistan cysts? Luisa Guitterez, CMA. ciliates, Protists are a monophyletic group. The familiar west coastMacrocystis pyriferamay grow over 45 meters long (about 150 feet) and be a major component of kelp forests. cause of food poisoning in humans. E. 33, Binary fission is: D. It will no longer be able to undergo binary fission for reproduction. D. Foraminifera -are all members of the same phylum A. diabetes C. autotrophs living around deep sea vents. meiosis to produce eight micronuclei, of which seven disintegrate, (3) There is an alternation of [32][24][33] The ancestor of the SAR supergroup appears to have captured a unicellular photosynthetic red alga, and many Stramenopiles, as well as members of other SAR groups such as the Rhizaria, still have plastids which retain the double membrane of the red alga and a double membrane surrounding it, for a total of four membranes. They are basically unicellular but oomycetes (Oomycota) are composed of multinuclear mycelia and brown algae (Heterokontophyta) form large multicellular thalli with differenciated tissues. It therefore included other groups, such as cryptophytes and haptophytes, which are not closely related, as indicated by molecular analysis. dinoflagellates B. ciliates Which A. the fusion of two archean cells to form an early eukaryote. D. They facilitate the spread of B. Halobacterium salinarum; A unicellular obligate aerobe that often inhabits hypersaline lakes. E. mass-settling, The photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria takes place in their: Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce the acid that damages teeth. protists are in the same phylum, C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than also disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to They found that: dinoflagellate Newly recognized relatives included the parasitic opalines, proteromonads, and actinophryid heliozoa. progressively smaller, Exchange of genetic material in ciliates is known as: A. C. Phytophora infestans A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and Gonium pectorale cells are biflagellate, Pleodorina californica and Volvox have no biflagellate cells. lichenD. B. Alveolata Tests, if present, are of overlapping siliceous or organic scales or plates. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 stramenopile species. A. an endosymbiotic relationship between an archaeon and a bacterium. Most feed by filose pseudopodia. Cercozoa also includesPaulinella chromatophora,a unicellular photoautotroph whose plastid represents a possible instance of primary endosymbiosis. A. Although bacteria are unicellular, as are most protists, they are very different organisms. quality of light prevalent in their various preferred habitats and meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three also Rhizaria, Phagotrophy (Phagocytosis) is: B. because their heavy siliceous shells impede conjugation sexual strain (-) where it fuses with the resident haploid nucleus to choanoflagellates This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. This stramenopile cell has a single hairy flagellum and a secondary smooth flagellum. Both frustules are replaced by individuals that are formed sexually. B. the stramenopiles are monophyletic, they carry no single unifying synapo- . C. pili D. Archaea What are the three primary characteristics of organisms in the phylum Dinoflagellata? An unfortunate deer becomes stuck in quicksand at the edge of a lake and dies. Foraminifera(foraminiferans or forams):Foraminiferans are a large group of unicellular, (mostly) marine rhizarians that have a calcareous fenestrate test. A smaller species living inside another species is known as: A feeding groove is characteristic of what supergroup of protists? A. against predation. A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. mitochondria C. nuclei D. both chloroplasts and Updated:. The taxon 'Heterokontae' was introduced in 1899 by Alexander Luther for algae that are now considered the Xanthophyceae. D. it allows the development of drugs that target metabolic pathways unique to the pathogen They all have mitochondria and reproduce by open fission (mitosis). This collection of pigments typically gives these algae a brown, golden, or yellow-green color. - Pleodorina californica E. Type III systems use modified pili as transfer tubes whereas Type IV systems use flagella modified as "syringes" to inject materials into cells they are infecting. The process by which the major land masses have shifted their positions, changed shapes and separated from each other, is known as. C. Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria. -alveoli beneath the plasma membrane [15] The term 'stramenopile' sought to identify a clade (monophyletic and holophyletic lineage) using the approach developed by transformed cladists of pointing to a defining innovative characteristic or apomorphy. Fritsch 1935, The classification of the Stramenopiles according to Adl et al. C. The eukaryotic flagellum is covered by the plasma membrane whereas that of the prokaryotes is not. The chromalveolates can be subdivided into alveolates and stramenopiles. B. Anaerobic cellular respiration. A. yellow B. red-orange C. blue-green D. E. Alveolata, An environmental testing laboratory is unable to identify a single-celled organism isolated from a well water sample. It occurs when genes are transferred from parent to progeny. C. No, because bacteria continued to decompose its skeleton after it was buried. Because of this, brown algae have historically been included in a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms called stramenopiles. protists are of the same lineage B. that all protists are more What term describes the time it requires for exactly one-half of a given amount of a radioactive isotope of an element to decay? Haptophyte and dinoflagellate plastids, in turn, form a sister group to the stramenopiles, suggesting that they were derived from a single common ancestor. conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in each cell fuse to form a provided are incorrect. its own and one from its conjugant, (6) one haploid micronucleus in also disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to C. Nitrosolobus multiformis; A unicellular rod-shaped nitrifying bacterium that inhabits subsurface soils at depths associated with plant roots. They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. Gametes are biflagellate. A bird that died and fell to the forest floor. Which type of organisms are placed under the kingdom Protista? In small streams, most algae are attached to rocks. B. autotroph A. chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic Many important photosynthesizers are stramenopiles and not all stramenopiles are single-celled. D. (1) in each conjugating pair of various preferred habitats and enhance their photosynthetic ability. disk-shaped mitochondrial cristae B. kinetoplasts C. Stramenopiles represent one of the three major clades in the SAR supergroup, along with Alveolata and Rhizaria. A. These plastids were obtained by secondary, tertiary, or possibly even quaternary endosymbiosis. Plastids originated from which of the following groups of prokaryotes? They are currently grouped with the stramenopiles and Rhizaria among the protists with tubulocristate mitochondria into the SAR supergroup . C. There is approximately one coliform bacterial species per milliliter. nonmotile protists. E. Actinobacteria. The stipes of some kelps have a central zone of elongated conducting cells. later acquires another one by phagocytosis. (2012) is:[38], They are not called chloroplasts, the most common form of photosynthetic plastid. B. sporozoites Stramenopiles: Unique Characteristic - Has two flagella (One simple, one more complex) Stramenopiles: Mastigonemes. In sexual reproduction in ciliates the sequence of events is: A. D. Haploid cells form spores that in turn fuse to produce thick-walled zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions. It allows scientists to prevent meiosis and the

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