CART medical director Steve Olvey, who was on staff at the time, discussed the crash in his 2006 autobiography, Rapid Response: My Inside Story as a Motor Racing Life-Saver: During an attempt to qualify for the Indy 500, Gordon Smiley, a cocky young driver from Texas, was determined to break 200mph or die trying. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Other townspeople became ill with the same thing, which turned out to only be sleeping sickness. Open-Wheel racing had become much safer than it had before. Dead frozen bodies act as waypoints up Mt. 0:29. Jane Smiley grew up in Webster Groves, Missouri, in a family of storytellersand it shows. And even further down that vein was Thompson's decision to hack away part of the cowlings of the car to make room for new tire specs handed down by the Indy brass. Gordon Smiley was racing even then, although it was sports car driving, not champ cars. Renna's car went through the fence and bounced off the front of the grandstand. It's known as a dangerous sport and professional car racers know that they're putting their lives at risk each time they race. Smiley corrected, and the car spun back to the right. Just outside the garage, George Bowers, a crew member, tried to keep the fans away. Octavia was bitten by a tstete fly and presumed dead. This content was originally posted by a Car Throttle user on our Community platform and was not commissioned or created by the CT editorial team. January 24, 1986 LINCOLN, Neb. He had a gaping wound in his side that looked as if he had been attacked by a large shark. He raced SCCA, Can-Am, Formula 5000 and Formula Super Vee, winning in each series while setting 25 track records, and winning the SCCA National Championship four times. Dramas Motion. Several functions may not work. There are a few threads on TrackForum discussing the accident, although it seems like nobody in the know wants to share . Even more so than a typical Indy Car of the time. When Greg Moore was killed at Fontana in 1999, it was put into millions of living rooms across the world. Gordon Smiley, Indy 500 qualifying, 1982, Scan this QR code to download the app now. One car racer who lost his life to the sport of racing was Gordon Smiley. Several veteran drivers had warned him that he was in way over his head, driving all wrong for the Speedway. ''See any problem in taking pictures?'' Smiley's wife, Barbara, was standing in the pit area, as usual, as her husband's qualifying run began. Registrati. There was nothing else except shattered bits, a bit of gearbox, a bit of a wheel, not even a seat. Smiley went out for his 4 Lap qualifying run, the average of which would serve as his qualifying time. Privacy Policy. According to Dr. Henry Bock of the Speedway medical staff, Smiley died of massive head injuries. The March 81c Chassis wrapped itself in the catchfencing, spinning wreckage wildly across the track. 35 Years ago, Gordon Smiley witnessed a similar crash, but with different, and more horrific, results. If you do a google image search, there are a couple of very small images, but you can see the damage. Originally posted by Flat Black Specifics? INDIANAPOLIS -- She had no one to cheer for, but Barbara Smiley quietly climbed to the stands behind the starting line Sunday to watch the 1982 Indianapolis 500 she had hoped her husband might win. Thirteen mechanics, two track workers and nine spectators have also lost their lives here. And even further down that vein was Thompson's decision to hack away part of the cowlings of the car to make room for new tire specs handed down by the Indy brass. So do you think that the safety engineering has progressed to such a point that a driver could survive a near head-on impact with a wall at around 200 mph? Im so sorry for your loss,\"Xscape singer Kandi Burruss wrote. As JY suggested in a PM to me, an Indy car was perhaps too much for someone of his experience. Smiley began racing at age 19. For more information, please see our In 2010, she recounted: They brought the remains of Gordons car back to our garage, and the biggest piece was a little ball of engine. On May 15, 1982, Gordon Smiley got ready for the qualifiers for the Indy 500. Guarda a tutto schermo. I'm assuming Dr Olvey's description of the injuries to be as accurate as we're going to get, so due to the massive trauma i'm very sure the coroner decided the cause of death as being self evident , made a cursory examination, and filled out the forms. It was the first since Savage/Pollard in 1973, and there wouldn't be another until Jovy Marcelo in 1992. While rushing to the car, I noticed small splotches of a peculiar gray substance marking a trail on the asphalt leading up to the driver. Many veterans had warned Smiley that if his car broke traction, to not try to correct, as the road racer was used to. The most violent single car accident in motor racing history. MOTORSPORT NETWORK 2023. Into the 1950's, it was common practice to sever pieces of patients 's brains to "cure" mental illness. In 1982, Gordon was competing at the qualifiers for the Indy 500 when tragedy struck, according to This Day in Motor Sports History. To the uneducated, both Villenueve and Smiley looked like they had been driving in similar cars. No. I probably shouldn't ask, but what actually happened to Tony Renna? A life-sized monument to her remains to this day. The first time humanity met H1N1, we were far less prepared. Can anyone else spot it? Federico Borrell Garca, a Republican Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth soldier, taken by legendary war photographer Robert Capa at the moment of his death in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War. He died instantly, marshalls on scene said brain matter was spread on the track. one of them asked. Nothing is said much of his fatal accident, other than the car broke apart and he suffered massive head and chest trauma. I've always carried a pocketful of phone numbers in my purse,' she said. People crashed, people survived. 7. His car hit the wall, flew into the air and burst into flames. He had competed in the last two 500's here, finishing 25th in 1980 and 22d last year after he crashed in turn 4. IndyCar and Open Wheel racing is safer than ever, and I encourage you to enjoy Sundays Indianapolis 500. Gordon Smiley was killed early this afternoon when his race car veered directly into the wall during a practice lap before an attempt to qualify for the May 30 Indianapolis 500. 7 Nearly-Extinct Animals and the Wine That Pairs Best With Them, 5 Haunting Images You Wont Be Able To Shake, Kid Wearing A 'Sons of Anarchy' Vest Gets Berated By Real Biker, Remember When that Douchebag Drop Kicked Arnold Schwarzenegger At Event in South Africa, 29 Darn Fine Memes That Arrived in the Nick of Time, 32 Expensive Fails That Ruined Someone's Day, 29 Awesome Randoms For Your Ocular Enjoyment, Monday Morning Randomness: 63 Pics, Memes, and Everything in Between. [2][3], After the 1981 CART season ended, Smiley was released from Patrick Racing, but was essentially traded to a Patrick-affiliated ride, Fletcher Racing.[4]. The Decapitated heads of guillotine victims continued moving for up to 30 seconds after death. Copyright 2023 United Press International, Inc. All Rights Reserved. But not what the legacy of Gordon Smiley. Guarda Gordon Smiley fatal accident at the 198 - dream81 su Dailymotion. In 1979, he raced in the British Formula One Championship (sometimes called the "Aurora Formula One Championship") for the Surtees Team, and in 11 races he had eight top-10 finishes, including a win, which is the last by an American in an FIA sanctioned event, at Silverstone, England in 1979. Medical personnel quickly went to Gordon's aid, but he died on impact due to massive head injuries. The 1955 Le Mans disaster killed 83 people and the driver instantly when he crashed at 200+ mph same as this but with a SHITLOAD more carnage SmoothOperatorrr 2 yr. ago "Most violent single car accident " From memory, Le Mans disaster was a multi car pileup with a car being launched into the crowd. Before the attempt, drivers must warm up their cars. Gordon as we all know had already run two Indy 500's, was he doing something out of the ordinary during the '82 Indy ? The car flipped over, caught on fire, and slide to a stop on the backstraightaway. So, yes, it probably would have been worse. Originally posted by David M. Kane Yes Fines I'm curious too. Gordon Smiley fatal Indy 500 Crash @ Indianapolis 1982 andromeda78f 349 subscribers Subscribe 2.6K Save 354K views 14 years ago Notice Age-restricted video (based on Community Guidelines). Not long after other drivers had created records with each lap in the first hour of qualifying, Smiley, who was 33 years old, died instantly when his March racer, powered by a Cosworth engine, lost control during a second warm-up lap as it came out of a turn at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Contents 1 SCCA and Road Racing Career 2 Indy career 3 Indy 500 results 4 See also 5 References Smiley raced in the Indianapolis 500 twice, in 1980 and 1981, and was killed while trying to qualify for a third in 1982. Her nails were found bloodied, and her face contorted in anguish. The elder Smiley shared the sad news about his 32-year-old son in a video on his verified . \"My son Brandon Smiley has passed away this morning.\"Smiley did not specify his son's cause of death nor give his age. [1] He was inducted into the Nebraska Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 2000. May 14, 1982 - Gordon Smiley Talks with Dick Rea the Day Before His Fatal Crash TheClassicSports 4.9K views 1 year ago Gordon Smiley Career Tribute Rhonda Mims-Brown 1.6K views 8 months ago. 5. When I reached the car, I was shocked to see that Smiley's helmet was gone, along with the top of his skull. Marcelo is the first driver to die at this track since Gordon Smiley hit the wall head-on during practice in. \"My granddaddy went through this (expletive) with my dad and somehow, here I am going through the same thing my grandparents went through. There is a glaring error in the post fines is referring to. Not a good thing for a rookie to be doing.Was Mickey Thompson to blame for the deaths of McDonald and Sachs? So it was the only driver death in a 19 year span at the speedway. He quit after 16 years at IMS, including 13 years on the safety crew, and he was traumatized by the near-death experience. I wont share any pictures or videos of the accident, as they are extremely, extremely graphic but are readily available online, which can be searched outside of this article. ''I sure didn't want to run a fifth one,'' he said, and everyone laughed. The Canadian driver Gilles Villeneuve died there when his Ferrari crashed. Driver Sebastian Bourdias had set the 2 fastest laps of Qualifying, and the first 2 laps in the 231 mph range. Not long after other drivers had created records with each lap in the first hour of qualifying, Smiley, who was 33 years old, died instantly when his March racer, powered by a Cosworth engine,. Mears went even faster on his next two laps. Home, where she'll make the hard decisions about whether to sell her house, where to find a job, what to do with a life that no longer includes Gordon Smiley. Gordon Smiley (April 20 1946 - May 15 1982) was an American race car driver. He was only 36 years old when he died, and was the 38th race car driver who lost his life at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway since 1909. Gordon Smiley fatal accident at the 198 . [2][3][4], In the 1980 Indianapolis 500, Smiley qualified Patrick Racing's Valvoline Phoenix/Cosworth in 20th position. He told him he was going to hit 200 mph, or die trying. You talk from experience that won't be found with many other posters here.henri. Smiley went out for a qualifying attempt an hour later. He raced SCCA Formula Ford, Formula Atlantic, Formula 1000, Can-Am, Formula 5000 and Formula Super Vee, winning in each series while setting 25 track records, winning the SCCA Midwest Divisional Championship four times. ''If you hit just wrong, I don't care if it's a Sherman tank. Breaking News Trending. He made a mistake too many, had an accident and paid the price and we should pay him respect! Last sunset 9/10/2001 - Twin Towers. It just takes off. On the NBC morning news program, the comedian said though the toxicology report. I attempted the effect of a third call; there was no further movement and the eyes took on the glazed look which they have in the dead. 63K views 3 weeks ago Actor and comedian Rickey Smiley is mourning the death of his son Brandon Smiley. Smiley's death follows by just one week a fatality in a qualifying run at the Grand Prix of Belgium. Smiley hit the wall at an estimated 185 mph. In 35 Years, IndyCar has turned an unsurvivable accident into only a broken pelvis and a fractured hip, while still gaining 30 mph around the track. SCCA and road racing career [ edit] Driving his first race at age 19, Smiley was an accomplished road racer. The Spanish Flu killed over 3% of the world's population in 1918. 1. The fuel tank burst, catching what was left of the car on fire. and led to the racing standard of not declaring a driver dead at the track unless he is incinerated or decapitated.[5]. In July 2020, Smiley shared that his youngest daughter Aaryn was injured during an alleged road rage incident.We send our prayers to the smiley familyRest in power king Libreria. Gordon 0 references date of birth 20 April 1946 2 references place of birth Omaha 1 reference date of death 15 May 1982 2 references place of death Indianapolis Motor Speedway 0 references manner of death accident 0 references cause of death blast injury 0 references occupation racing driver 0 references racing automobile driver 1 reference sport I had never seen such trauma. Meanwhile, after someone else had dialed long distance to Omaha, Barbara Smiley took the telephone and told her mother-in-law, Elaine Smiley, of the death of her son. See the article in its original context from. I waited for several seconds. the car went straight into the wall at 230 mph. Gordon Smiley during the 1982 Indy 500 qualifying was determined to get to 200 mph. Before the attempt, drivers must warm up their cars. All rights reserved. This car was the fastest car in the State of Indiana, until Turn 2 on Lap 3 of Saturday qualifying. He was inducted into the Nebraska Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 2000. (AP) _ Actor-singer Gordon MacRae, who crooned in a surrey with the fringe on top in Oklahoma 3/8 and later battled back from the blackouts of alcoholism, died Friday at age 64. This article wasnt meant to scare Formula 1 fans who are just tuning into IndyCar because of Alonso into thinking Indy is a death trap. 1:06. 3. Brandon Smiley death- Rickey Smiley's Son, Brandon Passed Away_2. Gordon Eugene Smiley (April 20, 1946 - May 15, 1982) was an American race car driver who was killed in a single-car crash at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The disease turns the immune system against vital organs, so those with the strongest immune systems were more likely to die. His death was the first at Indy since 1973 when Art Pollard and Swede Savage were killed and, to date, the last driver to die during qualifying. Originally posted by Old_school Gordon did not scrub much speed prior to impact..Both Piquet and Blundell had scrubbed off significant speed prior to their impacts. ''I think the cars are safe, until you hit wrong,'' A.J. He had several fractures to his pelvis and a fractured right hip. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. 1. Other than your assumption is there any evidence to support your being "very sure" that there was no autopsy? Smiley started racing at just 19 years old and participated in a series of competitions, such as the Formula 5000, Formula Super Vee, and Formula Athletic before going professional. During the event, drivers would drive for four laps, and the average time will be calculated and serve as the qualifying time. Cookie Notice I can see the crash with my minds eye after it's replay that night on ESPN (or somethin'). Originally posted by Jim Thurman Missing the point David. The car turned to the right, directly into the wall. And it is entirely likely that this attitude contributed to the mistake that led to his death. Did you ever see or race against Gordon in FF and Formula Atlantic? Jim Clark thought so. Most racing drivers are, at least those who are successful in this sport. As JY suggested in a PM to me, an Indy car was perhaps too much for someone of his experience. An atomic bomb was accidentally dropped on North Carolina. Ongais recovered, and he took a qualifying run late this morning, less than 20 minutes before Smiley died. The. Lone Star JR thought so. Numerous independent sources who DID know Smiley suggest that he was an overly aggressive driver who was not particularly alive to the dangers of the Brickyard. Medical Director Steve Olvey described the brutal and disturbing scene. His foot was to the floor as he headed down the backstraightaway. Edwin Shafer, director of development and public relations at the hospital, said MacRae died at 2:15 a.m. at Bryan Memorial Hospital. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. A very large increase that was a result from those troubling years of the pandemic. Smiley was a road racer and was used to counter-steering his car to avoid a crash if the rear wheels broke traction. Jim Hickman was killed in another March 81c less than 2 months later during a practice session for the CART race at the Milwaukee Mile. (BTW - I'm an Critical care Paramedic with many (too many) hours of track duty, hence my long winded post ). CNN . In all, the one-lap record was broken five times, and the four-lap record twice, in the first 12 minutes of qualifying. The Spanish Flu killed over 3% of the world's population in 1918. A bomb disposal expert Lt. Jack Revelle, in 2011 admitted that "we came damn close" to a nuclear detonation that would have completely ruined the eastern half of NC. No long-term contract. The material on the race track was most of his brain. In 1976, with Canute. Gordon Smiley was racing even then, although it was sports car driving, not champ cars. When I reached the car, I was shocked to see that Smiley's helmet was gone, along with the top of his skull. Today, Kevin Cogan, the first driver on the track, broke the one-lap record on his second time around, and the four-lap record on his complete 10-mile run. A memorial service for Smiley, who raced out of Grapevine, Tex., will be held at 7 P.M. Sunday in Indianapolis. She watched the race Sunday, but not to applaud. Motor vehicle accidents Auto accident driving accidents fatal car . Officials spent 3 1/2 hours cleaning the track from both debris from the car and from Smiley. Nothing was done. Mears said he could feel that the car was even more slippery as he took his fourth lap. It was very ugly. Dr. Steve Olvey is a very well respected, etc., etc. 2. Comedian and radio host Rickey Smiley said his son Brandon died from an overdose, warning parents not to assume their kids are safe from drug addiction. No, of course not. As for Thompson's machine, my research has indicated, without counterargument (until you showed up), that the car was fundamentally dangerous. Inside The Tragic Death Of Race Car Driver Gordon Smiley. Everest. ''In turn 3, especially, I got the car sideways a little bit,'' Mears said. 1:01. As he was preparing to leave for the airport, Smiley asked people to pray for him and his family.\"I just want all my cousins and different family members to pray, be strong, and Im OK,\"Smiley said. Cookie Notice I rode to the care center with the body. 2. An accident had not killed a driver here since 1973, when Art Pollard died on the first day of qualifications and Swede Savage died of injuries sustained in an accident during the race. He began having nightmares, haunted by the vision of Lazier's race car. 8. In 1982, Racer Gordon Smiley was killed after reaching his stated goal of 200 mph straight into a wall. So just pray for our family.\"A number of Smileys famous friends flooded the comments section of his video with words of support.\"Im so sorry Rickey,\"actress Niecy Nash wrote.\"My heart goes out to you and your family brother,\"comedian Jay Pharoah commented. Gordon Smiley was inducted into the Nebraska Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 2000 (via NARHOF). I think some of the current IRL drivers feel that way about Milka Duno too.One of the first people ABC-TV interviewed was Johnny Rutherford and he was visible shaken. She was waiting there for the traditional picture, taken after the run, with the driver and crew all around the car. Eventually, Gordon Smiley made his way to compete at the Indianapolis 500, one of the most prestigious car races that draws hundreds of thousands of people in Indiana (via Britannica). The disease turns the immune system against vital organs, so those with the strongest immune systems were more likely to die. 'I'm kind of ready to go home. Originally posted by brandspro Drawing on the above mentioned Nelson Piquet shunt and the head-on shunt that Mark Blundell walked away from - on broken ankles - in Rio, I'm inclined to say the chances of surviving that exact incident would be quite good. It is infact the opposite. Fletcher warned Smiley that he should seek experience from more experienced, older drivers. Smiley, whose helmet came off, was entangled in one of the three pieces. ''The only thing that bothers me, just a little bit, is the ground effects,'' he said. 108302-mainComedian Rickey Smiley reveals his eldest son Brandon has passed away at. She was afraid she'd fall apart in a crisis and be a burden to those around her. Originally posted by ghinzani Re your last question old_school theres also the factor, oft repudiated, that Smiley was indulging in what the Whittingtons were so famous for. In 1982, record speeds were being set during qualification for the 1982 Indianapolis 500. But as designs have been more successful, a new danger has apparently developed when the areodynamic improvements fail. Originally posted by MPea3 That is pure conjecture. No matter how experienced a driver is and no matter how many safety precautions are done, there is always a percentage of something going wrong. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. WARNING: GRAPHIC WRITING AHEAD, IF FAINT OF HEART, SCROLL PAST TO THE NEXT SECTION OF BOLD TEXT. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. During the event, drivers would drive for four laps, and the average time will be calculated and serve as the qualifying time. In the 1981 Indianapolis 500, Smiley qualified the Patrick Racing Intermedics Wildcat VIII/Cosworth, qualifying 8th and led 1 lap, but finishing 22nd after a crash on lap 141. You currently have javascript disabled. ''Not good,'' said a woman standing close to Mrs. Smiley. The accident took place at a point not far from where Danny Ongais had hit the wall during the Indianapolis 500 last year. Oddly, Smiley's death was a relative outlier at the speedway at the time. The refuse truck turned up and they threw the remains on the back of the truck and took it away. So did Andretti. In Turn 2, on his 3rd lap, something went wrong. Adding to the danger was Thompson's unwillingness to run the car with a full load of gasoline, owing to his search for speed. '', Fletcher said that the crash was not the result of a mechanical failure. Not a good thing for a rookie to be doing.Was Mickey Thompson to blame for the deaths of McDonald and Sachs? 'You've got to think about it but not dwell on it.'. She's been with racing people most of the time since Gordon Smiley died 15 days ago when his car hit the wall in turn three and disintegrated during the first day of time trials, as he tried to get up to 200 mph. I thought: 'That can't be it. Smiley's funeral was held on May 20, 1982 and he was buried in his birth location in Nebraska. I assume Smileys autospy would have checked for substances anyway? "[5], Olvey later said in his book that in the aftermath of the wreck, he and the IndyCar paramedic team declared Smiley to have died at the scene. Actor and comedian Rickey Smiley is mourning the death of his son Brandon Smiley.Smiley, who starred on \"The Rickey Smiley Show\"from 2012-2014, took to Instagram on Sunday to share he had some\"bad news\"to deliver to his followers.In a touching video Rickey said \"I hate to announce this, but I just want to give it to you before you hear it in the streets,\"Smiley said. Bourdias was unable to get out of the car, but he was alive. 1M views 16 years ago Gordon Smiley is killed in a practice crash during the qualifyings warmup lap for the Indy 500 1982. In 1961, a B52 crashed near Goldsboro, NC. Gordon Eugene Smiley ( April 20, 1949 - May 15, 1982) was an American race car driver from Omaha, Nebraska[1] who was killed in a single - car crash at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Originally posted by Flat Black As for Thompson's machine, my research has indicated, without counterargument (until you showed up), that the car was fundamentally dangerous. His speed on the third lap, 207.612 m.p.h., and his four-lap average, 207.004, was almost 3 miles per hour faster than the record Cogan had just set. Originally posted by Flat Black One thing to keep in mind: Gordon was doing around 200 mph on impact. Originally posted by Flat Black I don't want to seem morbid, but I'm so curious about something that I'll run the risk.The question for those of you who are up on the safety engineering of modern Indy cars is this: If a driver of a modern Indy car had an identical accident to the one that killed Gordon Smiley in 1982, would s/he survive?If you view the YouTube video of Smiley's crash, you might be inclined to think there's no way in hell anybody could survive such an impact in any car, no matter how well engineered. In the off-season he worked a different job every year, usually in sales or office management. She kept her cheers for the man she met at a party in 1973, and married after a five-year courtship. Smiley, 54, elaborated on the "bad news" in an emotional video showing him in Dallas as he readied to catch a flight to his hometown of Birmingham, Ala., after learning of his son's death . Originally posted by David M. Kane Perhaps someone more knowledgeable on ground effects can explain why once that car turn to towards the wall there was little physically he could to change its direction again because of the tremendous downforce. No hidden fees. Many credited the tracks safety, specifically the SAFER barrier that is installed all around the track, and the safety of the DW12 generation of IndyCar. Add it all up, and McDonald was driving un unguided missile around the speedway. They stood all around, looking over his shoulders, trying to peek inside. But with possible life threatening injuries. In 1920 a scientist successfully conditioned a child to have a severe and permanent phobia of fluffy objectsJohn B. Watson was fired not long after his unethical experiment, and the anonymous subject, "Little Albert" was never deconditioned.6. ''I'm sorry.'' Originally posted by jimclark Thanks, HwI had not read that before (wish I hadn't still). It showed both in his body language and in his voice.Having all of that, I never heard anyone say anything bad about Gordon, he was well liked in Road Racing circles. Privacy Policy. That must have been prior to the accident.'. Gordon was a VERY aggressive driver, fearless beyond reason IMO. Anyone can read what you share. Tom Sneva had set both the one-lap and four-lap track records in 1978, with speeds of 203.620 and 202.156 miles per hour, respectively. This brought back many memories for Fletcher, who owned the car that Art Pollard died in during the 1973 race. Other townspeople became ill with the same thing, which turned out to only be sleeping sickness. A life-sized monument to her remains to this day. During the third turn on the oval, however, Smiley's car started to move slightly to the right and it was evident that he tried to correct (as he was advised not to do) per The New York Times. Originally posted by Cirrus I think that it's likely that, even if it were possible to make a survival cell that could withstand that sort of impact, the internal organs of the human body probably couldn't.I seem to recall Buford saying in an earlier thread, that Gordon Smiley's body was lying on the track, looking completely unharmed after the accident.

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