the Airmen's Information Manual states that when clearing a runway after landing, 0000249761 00000 n What is air-taxi? No persons were injured and minor aircraft damage occurred. 0000002942 00000 n And more than just While it's good to perform a brake check as part of your initial taxi, try your best to keep ahead of the airplane and use your brakes sparingly on the taxiway. The standard position for a signalman is slightly ahead of and in line with the aircrafts left wingtip. a runway transgression occurred because the Captain did not hear the clearance No aircraft should attempt to take off with frost, snow, or ice adhering to wings, propellers, control surfaces, engine inlets, or other critical surfaces. at Tenerife, Canary Islands. 0000249260 00000 n to hold short of a particular runway or taxiway. If the signalman can see the pilots eyes, the pilot can see the signals. While its good to perform a brake check as part of your initial taxi, try your best to keep ahead of the airplane and use your brakes sparingly on the taxiway. 0000041909 00000 n {getWidget} $results={3} $label={recent} $type={list1}, Turboprop and Turbofan Engines Starting Procedures. While this might seem hard when you first try it, you will soon get used to the feeling and be able to anticipate the momentum of the airplane. The reporter explains that Its never a good idea to use a taxiway as a runway (though its happened plenty of times). Adherence to these procedures has led to an accident free record for large aircraft commercial operations since the early 1990s. 2175 0 obj <>stream Most pilots dont know this but taxiing with full flaps down is equivalent to squawking 7500 on your transponder a sign of distress. The first step in all thorough aircraft towing procedures is ensuring you're using the proper ground support equipment (GSE). Study the procedures in the Airplane Flight Manual. Even though FBO personnel may deice your aircraft, you are ultimately responsible for ensuring that it was done appropriately. Each year accidents, incidents, and runway incursions occur involving aircraft, pedestrians, ground vehicle drivers, and personnel taxiing or towing aircraft at airports. Type IV fluids offer the best protection against refreezing. %%EOF that 1977 accident. 0000005695 00000 n 0000148135 00000 n hbbd```b``" R} Damaged or defective equipment is dangerous, often resulting in injuries to personnel or damage to equipment and aircraft, so all equipment used for towing aircraft should undergo regular maintenance and, crucially, it should be inspected at the beginning of each shift. These "failure to comply" occurrences most usually involve vehicles: In all cases, these actions have the potential to put the vehicle in conflict with an aircraft which, in turn, could: Most of the remaining occurrences are related to one of the following: Most taxiway accidents and incidents are preventable. 0000000016 00000 n aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy. This could affect the handling qualities of your aircraft. Having correct crosswind input on your control surfaces will also help you maintain the centerline. In order to maintain a respectful environment, we ask that all comments be on-topic, respectful and spam-free. For information on COVID-19 updates, please visit Canada.ca/coronavirus. Deicing for Safe Taxiing. This AC and its appendices provide guidance to airport operators about developing training programs for safe ground vehicle operations, personnel taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. [This led] to the assumption by the Captain that deicing had been completed." Commercial air services in Canada are defined in Part VII of the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs). But theres another, far more likely danger to think about. Checklists and nonessential communication should be withheld until the aircraft is stopped and the brakes set, If the pilot is unfamiliar with the airport or for any reason confusion exists as to the correct taxi routing, a request may be made for progressive taxi instructions which include step-by-step routing directions, Progressive instructions may also be issued if the controller deems it necessary due to traffic or field conditions (for example, construction or closed taxiways), The need for progressive taxi can be mitigated by proper preflight planning and having airport diagrams handy, The use of takeoffs-and-landings/taxi lights is an effective means of illuminating surface hazards during taxi movements at night and alerting all concerned of an aircraft's presence/position in flight, Lights may be turned off under certain conditions whereby safety is still the primary focus, Examples would be when taxiing toward or yielding too other aircraft or in a ramp setting with adequate ambient lighting, A low visibility taxi plan will exist giving the pilot additional instructions when the RVR is less than 1,200' and again in operations less than 600' RVR, Do not switch frequencies while taxiing, in case ground needs to contact you, Auto-switch tower when approaching the hold short to monitor traffic, If you have just cleared a runway and are looking to taxi, call with intentions as appropriate, Exit without delay at the first available taxiway or as instructed, Personnel must always be aware of the dangers associated with moving surfaces, Rotor wash created by the blades of a rotary-winged aircraft or thrust from the exhaust section of a fixed-winged aircraft may cause severe personnel injury, The proper safety equipment must always be worn when working on flight decks and flight lines, Aircraft with conventional landing gear (tailwheel/draggers) aircraft have special considerations that are unique to them, The center of gravity of a tailwheel aircraft is behind the cockpit which can cause instability during taxi, Make smooth inputs on the controls and be mindful that the center of gravity is not allowed to get to the side of the aircraft with enough momentum to carry it around, Once a ground loop has started there is no way to get out of it until it has run its course, In the interest of avoiding obstacles or staying on a paved surface however, differential breaking with the inside break will tighten the loop, While speed can be a contributing factor to ground loops, it is also necessary to maintain positive control, If the aircraft is taxiing too fast, and breaks are applied too firmly, the tail can raise causing the tailwheel to lose effectiveness while simultaneously causing the propeller to move closer to the ground, If the tail comes up high enough, the pilot may experience a propeller, or "prop" strike, Flight Personnel are utilized on many aircraft ramps to direct traffic in an orderly fashion in accordance with local procedures [, Flashing your landing/taxi lights at the marshaller will help signal when you are ready, especially at night, Likewise, don't blind them with the light, turn it off until clear of the marshaller, Night: Flashlight moved vertically up-and-down repeatedly, Night: Flashlight moved horizontally back-and-forth repeatedly, Day: One arm pointing up with the other pointing down, Night: Same signal as day, but with lights, Day: Point to engine OR indicate engine number with fingers while making horizontal circular motion above head with other, Day: Move arms outward with thumbs pointed outward, Day: The direction of turn is indicated by that arm pointing downward while the other gestures to come closer, Day: Flagman holds hands in air to catch the pilot's attention, Day: With palms facing down, arms are moved up and down at side, Day: Move arms inward with thumbs pointed inward, Day: A cutting motion with a flat palm is made across neck, Day: Hand cupped behind ear as if listening, Day: Hand waved back and forth in an erasing motion in front of face, with palm turned forward, Night: Trace of letter N, given by external light, Fingers held vertically indicate 1 through 5, Fingers held horizontally indicate 6 through 9, Forgetting to remove a tie-down or chocks prior to attempting movement, Improper aileron deflection, particularly after turning, Taxiing with a power setting that requires controlling taxi speed with the brakes, To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance, References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; AC 91-73; Chart Supplements; AIM, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The student pilot's failure to maintain a visual look out while transitioning from the active runway to a taxiway resulting in an on-ground collision with a taxiway sign, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a parked airplane during taxi operations at night, Taxiing is part of every flight, and it should be part of planning, ATC clearances or instructions pertaining to taxiing are predicated on known traffic and known physical airport conditions, Since "the pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft" the pilot should obtain clarification of any clearance or instruction which is not understood, Therefore, it is important that pilots clearly understand the clearance or instruction, Although an ATC clearance is issued for taxiing purposes, when operating in accordance with the CFRs, it is the responsibility of the pilot to avoid collision with other aircraft, In addition to conducting taxi operations as a maneuver, pilots must also be familiar and comply with all, Pay attention when in a movement area and be cognizant of expectation bias, that is having a belief you are prepared for what lies ahead and not pay attention to what is different, such as an atypical location for a runway hold position marking, When it comes to hand and arm signals, variations may exist, If any questions come up while taxiing, stop, and try to get clarification before proceeding, When taxiing and determining wind direction, make sure you account for the resultant wind, Consider the use of heading bugs to remember where the wind is coming from and/or to remember the assigned takeoff direction, Consider the use of a heading indicator course indicator to supplement, While it is best practice to always apply taxi corrections, regardless of wind velocity, it is imperative these corrections be used any time you can feel even the slightest movement in the yoke, During ground operations, jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash (types of thrust stream turbulence) can cause damage and upsets if encountered at close range, Pilots should consider the effects of jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash on aircraft, vehicles, maintenance equipment, and open structures (i.e., hangars) during ground operations, Additional resources are available through tools such as the FAA's, Remember when parking, to park in such a way to avoid inevitable jet blast (especially from larger aircraft), use tiedowns, and install control locks or covers as appropriate, Don't be afraid to practice if you need it, Different aircraft require different skills and even experienced pilots in, As pilots upgrade into larger aircraft, taxiing may be accomplished by the use of a tiller, vs. rudder pedals.

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