For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. The basic assumption of CBT is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. Culture One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do with cultural relativism and variations in diagnosis. Objectives: To compare social skills in patients with schizophrenia classified according the degree of treatment response and severity of psychopathology with normative controls by using the Del Prette Social Skills Inventory (SSI). One criticism of the dopamine hypothesis is there is a problem with the chicken and egg. Pharaoh et al. Sometimes when people with schizophrenia become depressed, so it is common to prescribe anti-depressants at the same time as the anti-psychotics. During CBT, the therapist lets the patient develop their own alternatives to previous maladaptive beliefs, ideally by looking for alternative explanations and coping strategies that are already present in the patients mind. For example, an excess of dopamine receptors in Brocas area might be responsible for poverty of speech and auditory hallucinations. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. We are committed to engaging with you and taking action based on your suggestions, complaints, and other feedback. It is difficult to keep this treatment going once the patients are back at home in the community. CBT may involve challenging the validity of beliefs, which may interfere with freedom of thought. Hickling (1999) the stress of urban living made African-Carribean immigrants in Britain 8 to 10 times more likely to experience schizophrenia. desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. Symptom targeting: a specific symptom is selected for which a particular coping strategy can be devised laying out what they hope to achieve through the therapy. (1972) described how a child may be regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing, but receive mixed messages about what counts as wrong. All patients are in danger of relapsing but without medication the relapses are more common and more severe which suggests the drugs are effective. Second, cognitive biases are present when people notice, pay attention to, or remember certain types of information better than other. MZ twins may have the same genetic vulnerability but can be triggered by different stressors. Alogia aka speech poverty is a thought disorder were correct words are used but with little meaning. DSM) should arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual. It is therefore prescribed when the patient is at risk of suicide. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. less effect on movement Their get up and go has got up and gone! Even after stopping the use of the drug, this condition can persist. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Toyokawa, Et. Research by Miyakawa et al. For example, trying to persuade an individual that the government is not watching or monitoring them in any way may interfere with their (possibly justifiable) fear of an over-controlling government. Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. [6 marks], ethical problems - parents feel responsible for their child's illness causing even greater stress and anxiety. This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. This manages schizophrenia because it maintains desirable behavior and no longer reinforces undesirable behavior. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found those adopted children who had schizophrenic parents were more likely to become ill themselves than those children with non-biological parents. McMonagle and Sultana (2000) reviewed token economy regimes over a 15-year period, finding that they did reduce negative symptoms, though it was unclear if behavioral changes were maintained beyond the treatment programme. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, an example of psychosis. BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. Ethics do the benefits of classification (care, treatment, safety) outweigh the costs (possible misdiagnosis, mistreatment, loss of rights and responsibility, prejudice due to labelling). This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. , AQA A level Psychology paper 3 7182/3 14th June 2019 , AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 7182/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Psychology 2022 Predictions (Paper 3) . they said an event was real but it was in their head. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Families taught to have weekly family meetings solving problems on family and individual goals, resolve conflict between members, and pinpoint stressors. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Family dysfunction - the double-bind theory Bateson et al. The harmful effects on the child may go completely unacknowledged or be minimized. Treatment: In an interactionist approach, treatments will take more than one form. including dysfunctional thought processing. In CBT, schizophrenia patients are encouraged to trace back the origins of their symptoms in order to get a better idea of how the symptoms might have developed. Note: you may come across the terms DSM-IV and ICD-10. This is evidence that the higher the degree of genetic relativeness, the higher the risk of getting schizophrenia. This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , They cannot express their feelings about the unfairness of the situation. (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. There is a lack of understanding and explanation of how the diathesis-stress model works- it is known that both have to be present to lead to schizophrenia, but not how the mechanisms of schizophrenia symptoms develop. Sweets and cigarettes. 11 items. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. More recent versions have included hypodopaminergia, where low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex are believed to be responsible for some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. tutor2u is the leading support service for A-Level, GCSE, BTEC and IB students and teachers preparing for assessments, mocks and final exams. It is more likely Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia. this should enable a less biased/more varied/more representative sample OR this would allow the results to be generalised more widely, Wars of the Roses 6 - Henry VII 1485-1509. In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? Here are a series of suggested answers for the Schizophrenia topic questions in AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 (Section B) in June 2018. This is a useful point to emphasise in any essay on the disorder. Is the raised dopamine levels the cause of the schizophrenia, or is it the raised dopamine level the result of schizophrenia? In CBT, patients may be taught to recognise examples of dysfunctional or delusional thinking, then may receive help on how to avoid acting on these thoughts. Eg. Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. He used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to obtain pictures of the brain structure of MZ twins in which one twin was schizophrenic. The idea of pleasing her, shows that he does want to make . Cognitive approaches examine how people think, how they process information. Delusions are false beliefs. Hallucinations are usually auditory or visual perceptions of things that are not present. Neuropsychologist Michael Foster Green suggests that neurocognitive deficits in basic functions such as memory, attention, central executive and problem solving skills may combine to have an outcome which we are labelling Schizophrenia as if it was the cause when in fact it is simply an umbrella term for a set of effects. So in this context it is the occurrence of two illnesses or conditions together; for example, a person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder. Ethical issues Severely ill patients cant get privileges because they are less able to comply with desirable behaviors than moderately ill patients They may suffer from discrimination. Eg. The Diathesis Stress model of schizophrenia is part of the interactionist approach that see's schizophrenia developing due to an interaction between the biological (diathesis) and the environmental (stress) influences. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. It is not clear which comes first. First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics Research indicates their attention skills may be deficient they often appear easily distracted. For the classification system to be valid it should be meaningful and classify a real pattern of symptoms, which result from a real underlying cause. This has the effect of reducing dopamine production, and reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations. Make sure you know which is which, for example do you understand the difference between genetic explanation and neural correlates explanation, and do you have a model essay for each? Read the model answers to get a clearer idea of what is needed. Background: Social dysfunction is an important outcome for schizophrenia and can be measured by the evaluation of social skills. A second explanation developed, which suggests that it is not excessive dopamine but that fact that there are more dopamine receptors. For men the figure was 59%. Of these, only 1 study showed improvement in symptoms and behavioural change in patients. Bentalls meta-analysis (2012) shows that stress arising from abuse in childhood increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. [4 marks], Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. Large doses of amphetamine given to people with no history of psychological disorders produce behavior which is very similar to paranoid schizophrenia. The family dysfunction explanation is an explanation that sees maladaptive relationships and patterns of communication as a source of stress which influences the development of schizophrenia For example, some patients on typical antipsychotics develop tardive dyskinesia- a condition where there are uncontrollable facial tics. By oversimplifying schizophrenia in terms of genes and neurotransmitters, the social context within which it develops has not been considered. (2007) three genes: COMT, DRD4, AKT1 have all been associated with excess dopamine in specific D2 receptors, leading to acute episodes, positive symptoms which include delusions, hallucinations, strange attitudes. This suggests that understanding the effects of cognitive deficits allows psychologists to create new initiatives for schizophrenics and improve the quality of their lives. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. Vasos (2012) Found the risk of schizophrenia was 2.37 times greater in cities than it was in the countryside, probably due to stress levels. There are also delusions of being paranoid, worrying that people are out to get them. Boston Spa, One weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that there are methodological problems. Additional communication skills are taught, such as compromise and negotiation, and requesting a time out . Book now . Researchers estimate up to 1 percent of adults worldwide have schizophrenia.. What . There is evidence that people diagnosed as schizophrenic have difficulties in processing various types of information, for example visual and auditory information. Some sufferers only take a course of antipsychotics once, while others have to take a regular dose in order to prevent symptoms from reappearing. McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group). Avolition: Lack of volition (i.e. A weakness of the family relationsships appraoch is that there is a problem of cause and effect. Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. Adults with an insecure attachement to their primary carere are also more likely to have schizophrenia (Berry et al 2008). RWA Offering drugs can lead to an enhanced quality of life as patients are given independence Positive impact on the economy as patients can return to work and no longer need to be provided with institutional care. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. The stress-trigger could be environmental __or biological (for example, smoking cannabis is linked with schizophrenia). Antipsychotic medication will often be used alongside CBT, acknowledging the role that biological and psychological factors play in the disorder. Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. The severity of the side-effects is a weakness as patients will be reluctant to take them, or may even die as a result of the effect. [4 marks]. The adoptive families were investigated thoroughly using joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. Economic Benefits: Family therapy is highly cost effective because it reduces relapse rates, so the patients are less likely to take up hospital beds and resources. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or both during their childhood. blended family a family unit composed of a married couple and their offspring including some from previous marriages. (Total 16 marks) Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia 3. disputing techniques. Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. double-bind, high expressed emotion - . Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Words may become confused and sentences incoherent (so called word salad). Boston Spa, EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement. These might include things as simple as turning up the TV to drown out the voices they were hearing!

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