Elizabeth uses all of the appeals logos, pathos, and ethos to convince all of her listeners to fight for her from the loyal follower to the greedy mercenary. Table 6 shows the top ten most over-used terms for each candidate. Me and the people? If a state does not appear in the drop-down, standard alignments are not currently available for that state. Nikki Giovanni's poem "The Funeral of Martin Luther King, Jr." is paired with Dr. King's "I Have a Dream" speech, taking students on a quest through time to the Civil Rights movement. The difference between these two candidates is characteristic, with OMalley more oriented toward an explanation requiring usually more nouns while Trump turns toward the action and its high usage of verbs. As another aspect, one can view that the preferred pronoun is we and not I. SHAPIRO: What do you mean when you say that? Carson (R) or Christie (R)). For example, positive emotion words occur more frequently in Democrats tweets than in Republican ones, as well as swear expressions, or first singular person pronouns (e.g. SHAPIRO: Tell us about the significance of that, those actual physical threats. Which statement from a city mayor's speech is an example of hyperbole? This article has analyzed the style and the rhetoric used by the candidates during the 2016 US primary election. And Donald Trump has wielded language like a cudgel. In a rhetorical analysis project, it would be up to you, the analyzer, to point out this move and . SHAPIRO: While this is out of the ordinary for a president, where have we seen this kind of language in the past? So when you have a president using those rhetorical strategies sort of every day, you know, using it against the media, using it against members of his own party, using it against the political opposition, what it is essentially is a call to warfare. Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidenti, clauses: building and refining compound and c, Clauses: Building and Refining Compound and C, Writing and Argumentative Essay about the Nob, Analyzing Rhetorical Techniques in Machiavell, ELA 10 - Analyzing a Seminal US Document (Pre, Analyzing Ideas, Structure, and Purpose in Ma, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, AP English Language Glossary (***Rhetorical T. 1 is present in the elaboration of Fig. Go around to check and to monitor as students share their ideas and progress. Unsurprisingly, the article the and the verb be (lemma of the word types am, is, are, was, etc.) With this choice, the person can be viewed by the audience as distant and cold (Pennebaker, 2011). The 2016 US presidential election was characterized by two figures, both unloved by the majority of Americans (Yourish, 2016). Which best describes the type of appeal used in this part of the speech? This phenomenon appears in other languages and countries when analyzing electoral speeches as, for example, in France (Labb and Monire, 2008b). Currently, the preference goes to a shorter formulation, simpler to understand for the audience. In another study, Yu (2013) reveals that (political) feminine figures tend to use emotional words more frequently and employ more personal pronouns than men. Trumps topics are relatively similar to those presented by Kasich and, with some distance, with those exposed by Paul. Our online platform, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) is one of the worlds most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities. Decide whether you want to allow more than one student to analyze and write about the same speech in each class. The following rhetorical strategies were analyzed: metaphors, metonymies, analogies, pronouns, the active or passive voice . So when you have a president using . Note. High values indicate the presence of a rich vocabulary showing that the underlying text exposes many different topics or that the author tends to present a theme from several angles with different formulations. Antanagoge. the United States of America. In this study, P0 corresponds to all comments by a given candidate, while P1 denotes all other comments and remarks. They should locate their speech and print a copy for them to begin annotating for argumentative structure and rhetorical devices. SHAPIRO: You know, you say President Trump attacks people, and that's broadly true as a figure of speech. Therefore, the two forms of communication must be analyzed separately. The candidates who stayed longer in this campaign have a clear preference for the I over the we. The strategies used in developing the structure of the speech and the rhetorical strategies are closely connected. Bligh M., Merolla J., Schroedel J. R., Gonzalez R. Hewings A., Painter C., Polias J., Dare B., Rhys M. Marcus M. P., Santorini B., Marcinkiewicz M. A. OConnor B., Balasubramanyan R., Routledge B. R., Smith N. A. Slatcher R. B., Chung C. K., Pennebaker J. W., Stone L. D. Toutanova K., Klein D., Manning C., Singer Y. Wilson T., Hoffmann P., Somasundaran S., Kessler J., Wiebe J., Choi Y., Cardie C., Riloff E., Patwardhan S. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. In the Republican party, the federal debt is debated by Rubio, and marginally by Kasich, and Paul. To avoid this problem, a better computation is provided in (Covington and McFall, 2010) or (Popescu, 2009), suggesting taking the moving average of TTR. identify an authors purposeful manipulation of language. To achieve this, the computation ignored all functional words for all texts. Though the question may seem puzzlingtoo hard, or too simpleat first, students will eventually identify, as Aristotle did, the need for a speaker, a message, and an audience. For the Democrats (Hillary Clinton, Martin OMalley, and Bernie Sanders), one can count nine TV debates held from 13 October 2015 (with five candidates) to 9 March 2016 (with two candidates). 3. The personal pronouns are depicted in bold. Which quotation from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a hasty . %PDF-1.5 On the other hand, Clinton could want to accentuate the human aspect and uses in this case the word immigrants. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. One of the elements of doing a rhetorical analysis is looking at a text's rhetorical situation. development of genres of presidential speeches, and miscellaneous articles on various ancillary topics dealing with presidential rhetoric. . The analysis will use the oral communication form, a more direct and spontaneous way of interacting, reflecting more closely the personal style of each candidate. The only time that you see presidents using the rhetorical strategy of reification, which is treating people as objects, is when they're using war rhetoric. Using the transcripts of the TV debates, the LD values vary from 36.6% (Trump) to 44.6% (Cruz). In a related study using a training corpus, Laver et al. The fourth describes and applies different measurements and methods to define and compare the rhetoric and style of the different candidates. Peer Response Handout: Students use this worksheet to examine and answer questions regarding their peer's essay. With a positive Z score larger than a fixed threshold (e.g. JENNIFER MERCIECA: Thank you for having me. 3 0 obj Direct students to, Remind students that their work will be evaluate using the. May 2018. From this h-point, one can assume that types appearing before the hth rank are function words while those occurring after correspond to lexical or topical words (the very vocabulary). Therefore, making his speech very influential to Obama getting his point across. That is what Barack Obama, the president of the United States, tries to do in his speech "Back to School " delivered at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, on September 8, 2009. Finally, the champion in the usage of I is Trump who clearly has adopted a distinct style in the campaign, putting the light more on his ego. With the immigration issue for example, Trump prefers using the term immigration presenting this question more at an abstract level. These examples show that Cruzs rhetoric is more complex with the highest LD mean and the largest percentage of BW (see Table 3). Writing a rhetorical analysis essay is a bit different from other essay types. For example, starting with Bush, one can follow the branch until reaching the central point, then one can go along the lines leading to the second person (e.g. COMM 1020 classes include a Great Speeches assignment, where you need to find and analyze an influential speech from history. Former President Clintons I Have Sinned Speech. But he also threatens violence more than any of his predecessors have. What is Reagan's main purpose in this passage? The value of this talent is also highly desirable among employers in . The intensity of his ego can also be revealed by the fact that the most specific term in his dialogue is also the pronoun I (see Table 6). Hillary Clinton can also be characterized by a large use of the pronoun I (fourth most frequent lemma, see Table 2) that is also over-used (see Table 6). The rhetorical situation is the context out of a which a text is created. Rhetorical Analysis: Compare and Contrast Four Speeches on Civil Rights Common Core Standards Purpose: The following four speeches explore the tensions found within the American ideals of individual liberty and universal equality. Splitting the vocabulary into two distinct parts is relatively known in stylistic (Damerau, 1975), authorship attribution (Argamon and Levitan, 2005; Stamatatos, 2009), or in quantitative linguistics studies (Tuzzi, 2010). This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Work with students to identify warrants, claims, and appeals. Reagan achieves this by using parallelism, great diction choices, and . This assignment requires students to look for those elements. They draw on their prior experience, their interactions with other readers and writers, their knowledge of word meaning and of other texts, their word identification strategies, and their understanding of textual features (e.g., sound-letter correspondence, sentence structure, context, graphics). You saw people over the last few weeks planning an insurrection and, in fact, invading the Capitol and then later saying, I'm here because my president told me to be. Article. The analysis of the style can be grounded on the relative frequencies of the different POS or grammatical categories. This is a good time to discuss the Rhetorical Triangle (Aristotelian Triad) or discuss a chapter on audience from an argumentative textbook. Obama stated many things in his speech, which Clark states related to four rhetorical strategies: The power of allusion, parallelism, the "two-ness" of texture, and autobiography. Anne Hutchinson was a prominent figure in the religious and political landscape of colonial America. The over-used terms and typical sentences associated with each candidate reveal their specific topics such as simple flat tax for Cruz, balanced budget for Kasich, negativity with Trump, or critiques against large corporations and Wall Street for Sanders. The next section presents some related research in computer-based analysis of political speeches. A speech analysis is an evaluation of a speech. Another element of rhetorical analysis is simply reading and summarizing the text. A candidate who wants to stay in the race must put forward him/her-self. Displaying directly the 9 9 matrix containing these distances has a limited interest. A rhetorical analysis essay is assigned to students at different academic levels. After peer response has taken place, use the. What was the speaker up against? Help students find the author of the speech because this will challenge some students. Moreover, the statements are certainly authored, at least in part, by a team of speechwriters. Using the maximum likelihood principle, this probability is estimated as p(ti) = (tfi0 + tfi1)/n. number, inserts). worldwide war, deep economic depression) may change noticeably the style. Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. The two closest candidates are Clinton and Sanders (0.346), while the second shortest distance (0.360) joins Trump with Kasich. If time permits, discuss how politicians and speech writers employ rhetorical strategies to influence the opinions of their audience members. Pine Creek Company completed 200,000 units during the year at a cost of $3,000,000. SHAPIRO: When you look in total at the changes that Trump has brought to presidential rhetoric, what do you see as the cumulative effect, especially right now when the U.S. is in a public health emergency, a reckoning about race and an inability to even agree on basic facts, like vaccines work or Biden won a free and fair election? 8 25 In this assignment you will: Compare and contrast two Presidential speeches . Provide a copy of the. As an additional global stylistic measurement, the frequency of big words (composed of six letters or more, and denoted BW) can be analyzed (Tausczik and Pennebaker, 2010). (They might be surprised at the answer. Better performance levels can be achieved when the training examples are extracted from the same time period as the test set. Students learn how to play "devil's advocate" by evaluating sports reforms, reading an engaging non-fiction article, and participating in a town hall meeting in which they represent the interests of various stakeholders to generate debate and develop critical thinking skills. This strategy guide clarifies the difference between persuasion and argumentation, stressing the connection between close reading of text to gather evidence and formation of a strong argumentative claim about text. He believed that the repetition of a simple message, even if false (Millbank, 2016), is enough to persuade the citizens that it is true. In this figure, the distance between two candidates is indicated by the lengths of the lines connecting them. The third longest distance (0.180) can be found between Trump and Cruz. Based on this definition, one can read some examples of the most specific sentences per candidate. Senators Cruz or OMalley have a more sophisticated communication style, employing longer sentences and a more complex lexicon. The two closest candidates are Bush and Rubio (0.104), while the second shortest distance (0.114) joins Clinton with Sanders. For example, G. W. Bush used more frequently the pronoun I, positive emotion words (e.g. Essay Rubric: This rubric is used as a guide for students as they are writing their essay, and for teachers to use as a grading tool. Maria Engberg, Iben Have and Birgitte Stougaard Pedersen (eds), About Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, About the European Association for Digital Humanities, About the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations, 4 Evaluation of Stylistic Characteristics of the Candidates, 5 Evaluation of Topical Characteristics of the Candidates, http://observer.com/2016/11/email-reveals-clinton-camp-spied-on-sanders-delegates-before-convention/, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/about_us/legal/notices, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 EADH: The European Association for Digital Humanities. You ask a lot of stupid questions. The underlying idea is to quantify the activity by verbs while the descriptiveness of a text is represented by the proportion of adjectives. In the current study, the stylistic elements will be the words appearing in the functional words list (409 entries), and used previously in defining the LD measure. Just considering the ten most frequent words, similar sets appearing with each candidate and the difference between them lies on their ranking as shown previously. SHAPIRO: Jennifer Mercieca of Texas A&M University, author of "Demagogue For President: The Rhetorical Genius Of Donald Trump.". A relatively high LD percentage indicates a more complex text, containing more information. To analyze the rhetoric and style of presidential writings, the first quantitative linguistics studies focused on the word usages and their frequencies. The last row of Table 4 reports the values of this Q-index for all candidates. appear regularly in the first two ranks. On the other hand, OMalley or Cruz (TTR: 37.3) have opted for a larger coverage requiring a larger number of distinct words and phrases. Some places to look for speeches include: American Rhetoric: This has lists of famous speeches with full text and audio/visual for most. his goal of persuading steel companies to lower their prices back down was successful due to his rhetorical strategy. To highlight the different styles adopted by the candidates, Biber and Conrad (2009) indicate that such a study should be based on ubiquitous and frequent forms. MERCIECA: Absolutely. Which rhetorical technique does this paragraph demonstrate? Warm-Up Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidential Speeches Lesson Question Lesson Goals? ReadWriteThink Notetaker: Students use this interactive tool to help them track their notes they take in preparation for their essay. Entering History: Nikki Giovanni and Martin Luther King, Jr. Freedom of Speech and Automatic Language: Examining the Pledge of Allegiance, Giving Voice to Students Through "This I Believe" Podcasts, For Argument's Sake: Playing "Devil's Advocate" with Nonfiction Texts, And in Conclusion: Inquiring into Strategies for Writing Effective Conclusions, Developing Evidence-Based Arguments from Texts. They then analyze the suggestions made by Galbraith and Stevenson and compare them to the delivered version of the speech. detects/vbz detect/vb). As it is extracted from a transcript, the sentence is not necessarily syntactically perfect. O to rally the support of the American people for war. From a lexical perspective, one can see the over-used term budget, usually more frequently used in governmental speeches than in the electoral ones. The last example illustrates how Trump can push away his opponents to place himself in the center of the debate. Mandela's written speech is eloquently written, in flowing sentences with dramatic and convincing language. Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. The presence of a strong leader is usually accompanied with a real change in the style and vocabulary of governmental speeches (Labb and Monire, 2003; Savoy, 2015c). We will use rhetorical analysis to examine how presidential candidates and political commentators attempt to achieve their purposes in speeches, websites, and articles. This aspect could be related to her first years at the White House as an overqualified First Lady who wanted to play a principal role in politics (e.g. 5. None of these terms appears here. As one can see, the first-person pronoun (I or we) appears relatively high in this list (but does not appear in the top ten positions in the Brown corpus), and to a lesser extent you or it. Although a thorough understanding of effective oral, written, and visual communication can take years of study, the foundation of effective communication begins with rhetoric. That is the consequence of Trump's war rhetoric. Analyzes president john f kennedy's use of parallelism, aristotle appeals, trustworthy information for other sources, and references back to himself. In a similar vein, Yu (2008) demonstrates that machine learning methods (e.g. To conclude briefly, previous studies have mainly analyzed governmental speeches, and less frequently the electoral speeches (Boller, 2004) or related messages (e.g. In your essay, you will identify strategies and analyze how the speaker uses them to represent his or her position. From a stylistic point of view, the Republican cluster {Bush, Cruz, Rubio} is well separated from the second Republican group {Kasich, Trump, and with a smaller additional distance Paul} as well as for the Democrats {Clinton, OMalley, Sanders}. Looking at her most specific sentences, Clinton tends to produce rather long sentences reflecting a more complex reasoning. Pataki (R), Jindal (R), Lessig (D)) or just appear in one (e.g. Here, rhetoric is defined as the art of effective and persuasive speaking, the way to motivate an audience, while language style is presented as pervasive and frequent forms used by an author for mainly esthetical value (Biber and Conrad, 2009). endobj To measure the specificity attached to a term (Lafon, 1980; Muller, 1992), the corpus is split into two disjoint parts denoted P0 and P1. He's also changed the way political leaders talk. Select two options. With a similar value and following the same tendency, one can find Trump and Paul. The current analysis follows this principle to consider the style, on the one hand and, on the other, the content. Ultimately, I analyzed whether Trump deviated from Campbell and Jamieson's (1985) A modern president must be able to use speech and rhetoric to his or her strongest advantage to anticipate, address or mediate crisis (Davis & Gardner, 2012). This investigation results in the presence of three distinct groups of candidates, the first one with the Democrats (Clinton, OMalley, and Sanders), the second with three Republicans (Bush, Cruz, Rubio), and the last with the duo Trump and Kasich, with, at a small distance, Paul. 4 0 obj 3.3 Understanding the Writing Assignment; 3.4 Creating the Thesis; 3.5 Revising Your Draft(s) . B) A person is attacked rather than an argument. Slight lexical differences can sometimes be important because, as mentioned by Lakoff and Wehling (2012), language is politics. . According to several overall stylistic indicators, candidate Trump clearly adopted a simple and direct communication style, avoiding complex formulation and vocabulary. The thesis statement should answer the following question: What makes this speech an effective argument and worthy of making this list? Ask students to research the history of the speech. Copyright 2021 NPR. The beginning finished goods inventory was 25,000 units at$310,000. Four global stylistic measurements according to TV debates. However, the binomial formulation is easier to use and gives a good approximation. the relative frequency of different pronouns, positive emotions) and using a set of composite indices reflecting the cognitive complexity, presidentially, or honesty of each candidate. Looking back to Table 6, one can see that the terms Ohio, balanced, budget, and we and the first four most specific words describing Kasichs utterances. head, ache, sleep). She was a Puritan woman who was outspoken about her beliefs and challenged the authority of the male-dominated Puritan church. Moreover, the temporal period of the documents constitutes an important factor explaining the variations between presidents or prime ministers. A more interesting finding is the presence of the pronoun I in the most over-used terms by only two runners: Trump and Clinton. Trump will also employ a rhetorical technique called paralipsis to make claims that he can't be. Jacques Savoy, Analysis of the style and the rhetoric of the 2016 US presidential primaries, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, Volume 33, Issue 1, April 2018, Pages 143159, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx007. As shown previously, the h-point is rather small, and thus, the words reflecting more the style (e.g. SHAPIRO: You point out that President Trump is much more eager than any of his predecessors to dehumanize his opponents. 1986 Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress From a stylistic point of view, this corpus is homogenous, corresponding to an oral communication form, extracted from a short period of time, and with the same main objectives (convincing the people, answering questions, presenting their ideas and solutions). endobj And during his four years in the White House, he has left a mark on American politics and policies. Presidential Speeches Rhetorical Analysis Bundle.

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